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المنهج الوظيفي عند الدكتور أحمد المتوكل
(University of eloued جامعة الوادي, 17-18-أفريل 2019) ميزاب, اسمهان
يعد الدكتور أحمد المتوكل رائد المنحى الوظيفي العربي؛ حيث تكفل بالتطبيق على قضايا اللغة العربية، و مسائلها الدلالية- التداولية، والصرفية- التركيبية. وقد جعل من أهداف مشروع المنحى اللّساني الوظيفي العربي وضع منهجية علمية لقراءة التراث واستثماره. ومن المقومات التي أقام عليها المنهجية التي اقترحها مقوّمات مركزية ثلاثة ذكرها في مقدمة كتابه "مسائل النحو العربي في قضايا نحو الخطاب الوظيفي" هي: أولاّ: تحكيم النظريات اللّسانية ذات التوجه الوظيفي؛ حديثة كانت أم قديمة (ومن ضمنها التراث اللّغوي العربي) إلى ميتانظرية عامة سمّاها " النظرية الوظيفية المثلى" تحكيما يكفل الإقساط وتلافي الإسقاط. ثانيا: رفع مفهوم " القطيعة المعرفية" عن علاقة اللّسانيات الحديثة بالفكر اللّغوي القديم، واعتبار المنحى الوظيفي العربي الحديث امتدادا طبيعيا للدراسات البلاغية والأصولية والنحوية العربية القديمة. ثالثا: إقامة الحوار بين الدّرس اللّساني الوظيفي الحديث والفكر اللّغوي العربي القديم على أساس أنّه تاريخ ومرجع يُحتكم إليه حين الحجاج لورود مقاربة ظواهر لغوية عربية معينة ومصدر يُمتح منه عند الاحتياج إلى مفاهيم أو تحليلات مناسبة يمكن أن تغني المقاربة الوظيفية لقضايا اللّغة العربية على الخصوص، وقضايا اللّغات الطبيعية بوجه عام. و إن كانت المقاربة الوظيفية لمختلف أعماله تتبدى في نقاط عديدة ومتنوعة فإني في هاته الورقة سأركز على النقاط التالية: 1ـ المبادئ النظرية الوظيفية؛ حيث ركز على الوظيفة الأساسية للغات الطبيعية، وهي وظيفة التواصل. 2 ـ البنية في النحو الوظيفي؛ حيث جعل من البنية الوظيفية نوعا من البنيات. 3 ـ الوظائف في نظرية النحو الوظيفي؛ حيث وزعها على ثلاثة مستويات وظيفية: أ - الوظائف الدلالية ب - الوظائف التركيبية ج- الوظائف التداولية.
العقار السياحي في ظل القانون 16/09 المتعلق بترقية الاستثمار
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 19-12-2019) حويذق, عثمان; الذهبي, خليفة
نتائج تطبيق الآليات القانونية لتطهير حساب العقارات غير المطالب بها (ولاية الوادي أنموذجا)
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 27-05-2021) حويذق, عثمان; سلخ, محمد لمين
Particle swarm optimization based optimal power flow for units with non-smooth fuel cost functions
(IEEE, 2009-11-15) Ben Attous, Djillani; Labbi, Yacine
This paper presents a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based algorithm for optimal flow with generating units having non-smooth fuel costs curves while statisfying the constraints such as generator capacity limits, power balance, line flow limits, bus voltages and transformer tap setting, The conventional loed flow and incorporation of the proposed method using PSO has been examined and tested for standard IEEE 30 bus system. The PSO method is demonstrated and compared with conventional OPF method and the intelligence heuristic algorithm such as genetic algorithm, evolutionary programming. The superiority of th method over other methods has been demonstrated on two test cases. From simulation results, it has been found that PSO method is highly competitve for its better general convergence performance
Speed Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Motor using Fuzzy Logic Techniques
(School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Techonolgy, Indonesia, 2010-07-01) Ben Attous, D; Bekakra, Youcef
This paper presents a comparison between a fuzzy logic controller and a conventional IP controller used for speed control with a direct stator flux orientation control of a doubly fed induction motor. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is evaluated under different operating conditions such as of reference speed and for load torque step changes at nominal parameters and in the presence of parameter variation. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controller is more robust than a conventional IP controller against parameter variation and uncertainty, and is less sensitive to external load torque disturbance with a fast dynamic response.
In vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity of Algerian Propolis by Spectrophotometrical and Electrochemical Assays
(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2011-01-01) Rebiai, A; Lanez, T; Belfar, ML
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic content of propolis extract, obtained from colonies of honeybees located in El-Oued (south of Algeria). The total phenolic content was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the anticoxidant capacity was measured using the following methods: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity and reducing power capacity for spectrophotometrical techniques, ascorbic and gallic acids equivalent antioxidant capacity assays for electrochemical techniques. Both techniques allowed an evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of methanolic propolis extract. The electrochemical techniques were performed by cyclic voltammetry, the results suggest that propolis extract do not reveal similar electrochemical responses to that of ascorbic and gallic acids, suggesting a different electroactive chemical composition and oxidation potential more positive than that of the standard (ascorbic acid), however this does not suggest that propolis has a lower antioxidant capacity. The results suggest also that propolis extract possess antioxidant capacity in vitro conditions.
Sliding Mode Controls of Active and Reactive Power of a DFIG with MPPT for Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion
(Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2011-12) Bekakra, Youcef; Ben Attous, D
This paper presents the study of a variable speed wind energy conversion system based on a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based on a sliding mode control applied to achieve control of active and reactive powers exchanged between the stator of the DFIG and the grid to ensure a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a wind energy conversion system. The proposed control algorithm is applied to a DFIG whose stator is directly connected to the grid and the rotor is connected to the PWM converter. To extract a maximum of power, the rotor side converter is controlled by using a stator flux-oriented strategy. The created decoupling control between active and reactive stator power allows keeping the power factor close to unity. Simulation results show that the wind turbine can operate at its optimum energy for a wide range of wind speed.
Elaboration and characterisation of ZnO thin films
(EDP Sciences, 2012) Benramache, S.; Benhaoua, B.; Khechai, N.; Chabane, F.
Abstract – Highly transparent ZnO thin films have been prepared on microscope glass substrate using dip-coating technique. The films were obtained at a concentration of solgel solution is 0.5 M. The structural and optical properties of the ZnO thin films were studied as a function of the annealing temperature varying between 450 to 600 ◦C. From the XRD analysis, the whole obtained films have a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a strong (002) preferred c-axis orientation. The grain size increased with annealing temperature indicating an improvement in the crystallinity of the films. The average transmittance of all the films is about 70–80% as measured by UV-vis analyzer. The band gap increased with the increase of temperature from 3.25 to 3.42 eV. The decrease of the strain of ZnO films is probably due to an improvement of the crystallinity of the films. The best result is achieved at 600 ◦C.
Effect of substrate temperature on the stability of transparent conducting cobalt doped ZnO thin films
(IOP Publishing, 2012-09-01) Benramache, Said; Benhaoua, Boubaker; Chabane, Foued
Transparent conducting Co doped ZnO thin films have been fabricated by Ultrasonic spray. The thin films were deposited at three different substrate temperatures of 300, 350 and 400 ℃. The obtained films had a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a strong (002) preferred orientation. The maximum crystallite size value of the film deposited at 350 ℃ is 55.46 nm. Spectrophotometer (UV-vis) of a Co doped ZnO film deposited at 350 ℃ shows an average transmittance of about 90%. The band gap energy increased from 3.351 to 3.362 eV when the substrate temperature increased from 300 to 350 ℃. The electrical conductivity of the films deposited at 300, 350 and 400 ℃ were 7.424, 7.547 and 6.743 (Ω·cm)-1 respectively. The maximum activation energy value of the films at 350 ℃ was 1.28 eV, indicating that the films exhibit a n-type semiconducting nature.
Comparison Study Between SVM and PWM Inverter in Sliding Mode Control of Active and Reactive Power Control of a DFIG for Variable Speed Wind Energy
(İlhami ÇOLAK, 2012-09-18) Bekakra, Youcef; Ben Attous, Djilani
t- In this paper, we present a comparative study between space vector modulation (SVM) and pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter in sliding mode control (SMC) of active and reactive power control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for variable speed wind energy. The feasibility and effectiveness of the two methods are demonstrated by simulation results. The obtained results showed that, the proposed SMC with SVM inverter have stator and rotor current with low harmonic distortion and low active and reactive powers ripples than PWM inverter.
Influence of annealing temperature on structural and optical properties of ZnO: In thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray technique
(Superlattices and Microstructures, 2012-12) Benramache, Said; Benhaoua, Boubaker
Transparent conducting indium doped zinc oxide was deposited on glass substrate by ultrasonic spray method. The In doped ZnO samples with indium concentration of 3 wt.% were deposited at 300, 350 and 400 °C with 2 min of deposition time. The effects of substrate temperature and annealing temperature on the structural, electrical and optical properties were examined. The DRX analyses indicated that In doped ZnO films have polycrystalline nature and hexagonal wurtzite structure with (0 0 2) preferential orientation and the maximum average crystallite size of ZnO: In before and annealed at 500 °C were 45.78 and 55.47 nm at a substrate temperature of 350 °C. The crystallinity of the thin films increased by increasing the substrate temperature up 350 °C, the crystallinity improved after annealing temperature at 500 °C. The film annealed at 500 °C and deposited at 350 °C show lower absorption within the visible wavelength region. The band gap energy increased from Eg = 3.25 to 3.36 eV for without annealing and annealed films at 500 °C, respectively, indicating that the increase in the transition tail width. This is due to the increase in the electrical conductivity of the films after annealing temperature.
Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from northwest Algeria
(Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 2012-12-31) Rebiai, Abdelkrim; Lanez, Touhami
The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of bee pollen produced in the North western region of Algeria. The content of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity using the molybdate ion reduction method were determined. The mean contents of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids were 30.46 ± 8.22 mg of GAE.g–1 pollen and 8.92 ± 5.5 mg of RE.g–1 pollen, respectively. High antioxidant activities were found for the molybdate ion reduction method, with values that ranged from 71.95 to 101.5 μg of GAE.g –1 pollen. The bee pollen of Boufarik showed high antioxidant activity probably due to the high content of phenolic compounds present in pollen.
Influence of growth time on crystalline structure, conductivity and optical properties of ZnO thin films
(IOP Publishing, 2013-02-01) Benramache, Said; Chabane, Foued; Benhaoua, Boubaker; Lemmadi, Fatima Z
This paper examines the growth of ZnO thin films on glass substrate at 350 °C using an ultrasonic spray technique. We have investigated the influence of growth time ranging from 1 to 4 min on structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO thin films. The as-grown films exhibit a hexagonal structure wurtzite and are (002) oriented. The maximum value of grain size G = 63.99 nm is attained for ZnO films grown at 2 min. The average transmittance is about 80%, thus the films are transparent in the visible region. The optical gap energy is found to increase from 3.26 to 3.37 eV with growth time increased from 1 to 2 min. The minimum value of electrical resistivity of the films is 0.13 Ω·cm obtained at 2 min. A systematic study on the influence of growth time on the properties of ZnO thin films deposited by ultrasonic spray at 350 °C has been reported.
Preparation of transparent conducting ZnO:Al films on glass substrates by ultrasonic spray technique
(IOP Publishing, 2013-07-01) Gahtar, Abdelouahab; Benramache, Said; Benhaoua, Boubaker; Chabane, Foued
Transparent conductive Al doped ZnO thin films were deposited by ultrasonic spray technique. Conditions of preparation have been optimized to get good quality. A set of aluminum (Al) doped ZnO (between 0 and 5 wt%) thin films were grown on glass substrate at 350 °C. Nanocrystalline films with a hexagonal wurtzite structure show a strong (002) preferred orientation. The maximum value of grain size G = 32.05 nm is attained of Al doped ZnO film with 3 wt%. All the films have low absorbance in the visible region, thus the films are transparent in the visible region; the band gap energy increased from 3.10 to 3.26 eV when Al concentration increased from 0 to 3 wt%. The electrical conductivity of the films increased from 7.5 to 15.2 (Ω·cm)−1. So the best results are achieved in Al doped ZnO film with 3 wt%.
Modélisation et Optimisation Multi -Objective de Robot Delta Linéaire
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2013-10-30) Mansouri, K.; Belaidi, I.
La conception d'architectures innovantes de machines agiles dédiées à l'UTVG nécessite la mise en oevre de modèles analytiques et numériques pour l'optimisation du comportement cinématique, statique et dynamique de la machine, avec prise en considération des déformation élastiques et leur compensation au niveau de la commande de la machine. Dans le contexte d'une optimisation multi-objectif, il s'agit dans une première partie d'identifier les paramètres et variables inhérents à chaque élément constitutif d'une machine de type robot DELTA, dont le but d'optimiser les éléments essentiels de sa structure. Ceci nécessite une formulation du problèùe multi-objectif en exprimant les fonctions objectives, les contraintes et les espaces de recherche correspondants, ainsi que la résolution du problème par l'utilisation de méthodes et outils mathématiques performants (Algorithmes génétique,...).
دور التمويل الإسلامي الأصغر في محاربة الفقر والإقصاء الاجتماعي
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2013-10-30) عزه, الأزهر; الأرقط, سمية
يعتبر التمويل الإسلامي الأصغر أحد أهم الوسائل الناشطة في التطوير الاقتصادي خاصة في الدول الإسلامية، فهو يعمل من أجل تلبية طلبات الخدمات المالية المتأتية من طرف الأفراد ذوي الدخل جد المنخفض، الفراء والبطالين الذين استثنوا من خدمات البنوك بما أنهم لا يستطيعون إعادة ماعليهم وتدبرها أما التمويل فيقدم سواء مالي أو عيني، أما عن مبادئها فهي نفسها مبادئ التمويل الإسلامي فهي تتمثل في: - تحريم الفائدة وهو المبدأ المركزي للنظام الإسلامي. - يتقاسم معطي رأس المال وصاحب المشروع مخاطر العمل بدلا من تقاسم الربح فقط. - المال كرأس مال إحتمالي: يعامل المال كرأس مال، والذي يعني أن يصبح المال رأس مال فقط عندما يتداول مع غيره من الموارد للنشاط الإنتاجي. - لا يشجع النظام المالي الإسلامي الاحتكار، ويحرم المعاملات التي تنطوي على أقصى درجات عدم التأكد والمخاطرة. - يتمسك الإسلام بالالتزامات التعاقدية و وضوح وشفافية المعلومات، ففي عقود البيع مثلا، يجب أن يكون المنتج أو الخدمة التي تباع أو تشترى واضحة لكلا الطرفين وتهدف هذه الميزة إلى الحد من خطر المعلومات غير المتماثلة والمخاطر المعنوية. - محرم على المسلمين الربح من الأنشطة التي غير أخلاقية كالاستثمار في الأعمال المتعلقة بالخمر، المقامرة وغيرها فهي أنشطة محرمة. - لا يسمح للمسلمين ببيع ما لايملكون، لذا فلا يسمح بالبيع على المكشوف. ومن هذه المبادئ نلاحظ أنها ترتكز على المبادئ الأخلاقية حيث لا ضرر و ضرار والمعروف أن المبادئ الأخلاقية تهدف إلى التميز الاجتماعي والتخلص من العديد من المشاكل التي تواجه المجتمع فمثلا اعتمادا عليها نجد لهذا التمويل مع أنه مصغر إلا أنه يبعده عن تحمل المخاطرة وكذا يساعده في الاندماج في مجال العمل ليخلصه من البطالة وإخراجه من دائرة وضائقة الفقر التي قد تواجه مستخدم التمويل الأصغر التقليدي . لذا فحسب عدة دراسات وإحصائيات نجد أن معظم الدول في العالم تعتمده رغم أنها ليست إسلامية لذلك نستطيع الجزم عن أنه لو ماكان يقدم حلول راقية ومؤدية إلى الاستقرار والتطور لما أتبع هذا النهج. ومن هنا يظهر دور التمويل الإسلامي الاصغر فهو يحقق: - مساعدة المجتمعات المحلية على زيادة دخولهم وتنمية مشاريعهم، بالتالي مكافحة الفقر وتضييق هذه الدائرة. - يساعد على تنويع الدخل للأسر وضمان معيشتهم وتلبية أهم احتياجاتهم وقد يزيد على ذلك. - يساعد على الحد من نسبة البطالة وهذا من خلال توجه نسبة كبيرة من الشباب نحوه طالما الفرصة متاحة لهم فهو يسهل عليهم الكثير من الأمور و يريحهم من أرق كيف أسدد ما علي؟ كيف أتفادى نسبة المخاطرة؟ سأتحمل وحدي الخسائر. كلها أمور تشجيعية للرغبة في التوجه لمثل هذا التمويل. أما صيغة فبها معظم صيغ التمويل الاسلامي وتتمثل في: المشاركة والمضاربة من خلال تقاسم الأرباح وصيغة المرابحة من خلال التكلفة مع ربح معلوم هذا حسب مناقشة مذكرة : Dhumale, Rahul and Amela Sapcanin وكذلك التمويل بصيغة الاستصناع وكذا التمويل بالسلم، التمويل بالاجازة المنتهية بالتمليك وغيرها من صيغ التمويل الإسلامي. وإن دققنا النظر وأمعنا في مبادئ كل صيغة منها نلاحظ بها حلولا للتخلص من الفقر والبطالة مما يمنع من الإقصاء الاجتماعي لهاته الفئات
الاختلالات وتدهور مرتكزات المحتوى الاقتصادي للنظام العربي وتغريب التنمية في ظل الاندماج الاقتصادي العالمي
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2013-11-04) عبد اللاوي, مفيد; عبد الاوي, عقبة; صالحي, ناجية
ظلت التنمية العربية في ظل ارتهان لحالة التبعية حبيسة قيود ذلك النموذج بما فيها قيود التبعية ومخاطرها وامتداداتها. وإزاء ذلك فشلت العديد من الاقتصاديات العربية من بلورة تنميتها وعدم إمكانيتها تصحيح الاختلالات الهيكلية وعدم إمكانية الإفلات من سيطرة النرجسية الغربية. وبالتالي فإن تغريب التنمية العربية سيحول دون تحقيق التمية الشاملة المستقرة والمتوازنة، لأن تغريب التنمية سيجعل أو سيذفع الاقتصادات العربية إلى مستقبلها خارج بيئتها، أي خارج إطار التكامل العربي وهذا مايؤدي إلى تراجع العلاقات الاقتصادية العربية البينية الذي ينعكس سلبا على منجزات التنمية العربية والحيلولة دون إعادة توجيهها بما يعزز مسيرة التكامل الاقتصادي العربي والتصدي للتحديات. والحيلولة دون بناء قاعد الترابط الاقتصادي العربي وتهيئة متطلبات التنمية العربية. من أجل بلوغ التنمية وهذا ما يدفعها بالاندماج في الاقتصاد العالمي وبثقة دون أن تفقد هذه الدول شخصيتها Abstract: The arab development remained dependent to constraints and risks of the dependency model. Many arab economies failed to enhance their development and could not reform their structural imbalances and improve their economic and technological self-ability, thus, they could not escape to the occidental dependency. The westernization of the Arab development precludes achieving an inclusive an inclusive and stable development, because this westernization will lead the Arab economies to build a future out from their environment and Arabic integration which will regress the economic interrelations between arab countries which reflects negatively on the accomplishment of their development without a redirection to sustain the Arab integration path and xithout building a basis to an economic interdependence and a creation of the development demands. The reason beyond an economic integration is the creation of an appropriate environment for the development. Thus, the states realize an economic integration in order to achieve the desired development which will lead them to the integration in the global economy without losing their own characteristics.
Preparation of transparent, conductive ZnO:Co and ZnO:In thin films by ultrasonic spray method
(Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013-12) Benramache, Said; Benhaoua, Boubaker; Bentrah, Hamza
This paper examines the growth of undoped and doped thin films with (Co and In) on glass substrate at 350°C using ultrasonic spray technique. We have investigated the influence of doping concentrations ranging from 0 to 4 wt.% on structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO thin films. Zinc acetate dehydrate, CoCl3 4H2O or InCl3, ethanol, and monoethanolamine were used as a starting materials, dopant source, solvent, and stabilizer, respectively. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the undoped and doped ZnO thin films have polycrystalline nature and hexagonal wurtzite structure with (002) preferential orientation. The maximum average crystallite sizes of ZnO:Co and ZnO:In were 55.46 and 45.78 nm at concentrations of 2 wt.% Co and 3 wt.% In, respectively, indicating that the crystallinity of doped films improved after doping. The optical absorption spectra showed that all undoped and doped ZnO films are transparent within the visible wavelength region. The band gap energy of ZnO:Co thin films increased after doping from 3.25 to 3.36 eV; however, the optical gap of ZnO:In decreases after doping from 3.25 to 3.18 eV, indicating the increase and decrease, respectively, in the transition tail width. The electrical conductivity of doped films is stabilized after doping. Transparent, conductive Co-doped ZnO thin films deposited by ultrasonic spray technique are of good quality.
The Effect of natural organic manure on the growth and productivity ofpotato (solanum tuberosum Z var spunta) in a Sahara desert region
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2013-12-17) Ghemam Amarad, D.; Senoussi, M. M.
Many studies have been carried out on the growth, productivity and nutritional properties of potato, including the effects of organic manures on tuber yield and quality. However, there are few studies on the effect of organic manure on potatoes agriculture in arid zones. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of natural organic manure on the growth and productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum, cv. Spunta) in a Saharian region (El-oued, Algeria). An experiment was laid out out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with four replications and five labeled treatments, the control (no manure), the common fertilization treatment applied by the potatoes farmers 2 q/h (15-15-15 NPK) + 25 t/h poultry manure, 50 t/h of poultry manure, sheep manure and 50 t/h of mixed manure poulty and sheep 1:1 w/w. Results showed an increase in the foliage area, plant cover area and the number of stems per plants by adding poultry manure, and mixed manure more treatments of mixed manure (poultry and NPK) or sheep manure in comparison with control (no manure). The treatment by mixed manure showed significant increase in the number of tubers per plant in comparison with other treatments, but all the used treaments caused a significant increase in the tuber weights and the quantity of production and the percent of standard tubers in comparison with control. The treatments with poultry manure gave the hihest yied in increasing the yield with high significant difference incomparison to other treatments. Thus, the combination of natural organic manures and low rates of inorganic fertilizers is a promising low cost option in production of high yields of potatoes.
Comparative Study of Honey Collected from Different Flora of Algeria
(Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 2014) Rebiai, A; Lanez, T
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of five Algerian unifloral types of honey. Several physical parameters of honey, such as pH, moisture content, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, color intensity and total sugar content, were measured. The mean pH, moisture content, EC and water insoluble solids of Algerian honey were 4.41± 0.58, 15.3 ± 1.5%, 0.324± 0.116 mS/cm and 0.141± 0.065%, respectively. The mean color was 81 ± 72 mm Pfund. The majority of honey samples test results (moisture content, electric conductivity and acidity) levels were within the acceptable range of world honey standards.

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