الصناعات المصنعة في الجزائر ودورها الاقتصادي والاجتماعي 1965-1985

Abstract

"إن النظام المالي الاستعماري الفرنسي بالجزائر، بالرغم من استعانته بالمؤسسات المالية كالبنوك وغيرها، إلا أنه لم يكتف بذلك بل أثقل الأهالي الجزائريين بمجموعة من الضرائب المرتفعة، لتغطية نفقاته في الجزائر، ولتحقيق المزيد من الربح وقد ظهر التمييز جلياً في معاملة السلطات الاستعمارية بالجزائر، للمستوطن وللأهالي الذين فرضت عليهم مجموعة من الضرائب الخاصة والمعروفة بالضرائب العربية، وغدا بذلك العنصر الأهلي أكبر مساهم في الخزينة والأقل استفادة منها. - من خلال هذا كله نستنتج أن فرنسا جاءت إلى الجزائر من أجل البقاء وجعلها قطعة من فرنسا والدليل على ذلك تلك الأموال الضخمة التي أنفقتها على المشاريع في الجزائر بما فيها المستوطنات وتلك المنجزات التي سخرتها لخدمة المستوطنين. - إن النظام المالي الاستعماري الفرنسي في الجزائر 1870-1914م، خلف انعكاسات وخيمة على الأهالي فقد أدت إلى تفكيك البنية الاجتماعية، تراجع دور القبيلة وتراجع معها دور الأسر الكبيرة داخل المجتمع الأهلي، كما ساءت الحالة الاجتماعية للأهالي الجزائريين، فانتشرت الأوبئة والمجاعات وانخفضت القدرة الشرائية، نتيجة قلة المداخيل الشيء الذي أدى إلى الهجرة خارج الوطن إلى كل من المشرق العربي وفرنسا. - فكان رد فعل الشعب الجزائري إزاء هذا النظام المالي في الجزائر، هو القيام بعدت ثورات شعبية حمي وطيسها في النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر، مثل ثورة المقراني 1871م وثورة الأوراس 1879م وثورة بوعمامة 1881م، وأغلب أسبابها مصادرة الأراضي والضرائب المرتفعة ضد الأهالي. " "The development policy adopted by Algeria after independence was reflected in the field of manufacturing industries, which witnessed important developments that contributed to the establishment of the Algerian industry, especially the heavy ones. During this period, the results were positive and negative. Despite the negative effects of this model, there are positive indicators produced by this period : - The increase in the rate of national investment to gross domestic product reached 45.71, which is a very high rate of strong will to make the manufacturing model a success. - The emergence of several giant companies, concerned with the basic industries enabled Algeria to build several important factories, including the establishment of Al-Hajjar iron and steel complex, the National Institution of Phosphate, Sontrac S.N.S any steel industry and Sonacom any mechanical industries. - The period 1967-1979 was characterized by the three plans, where the features of the economic development strategy were revealed in which the leadership was given to the sector of heavy industries at the expense of agriculture because of its ability to achieve economic integration using the iron and hydrocarbon mines to produce the means of production, The first several achievements are: - Laying the foundation stone for the rupee industrial bus complex on 11 February 1972 - Launch of the Skikda gas dilution complex on June 19, 1967 - The inauguration of the steel and plate factory for the rock and steel complex and phosphate fertilizer factory in Annaba on May 15, 1972. President Houari Boumediene nationalized all pipelines and all natural gas fields. - Paying attention to the industrial sector to make the role of the agricultural sector significantly decline. Despite the fact that industrialization was granted during the development plans, it did not achieve the desired objectives. The concept of industrialization for Algeria remained an application of a large number of technological equipment, ie, industrial equipment, not manufacturing, for the following reasons: Where the formation and university education in the valley and the needs of the national economy in another valley. - The tightness of the local market and the inability to compete abroad. - The absence of integration between the sectors that should be done by industry, and the exchange between the different sectors of the national economy is limited, due to several reasons, most notably the lack of compatibility with the imported technological patterns, which is mainly due to the methods used to obtain technological equipment. - The poor application of capital-intensive industries or heavy industries led to high investment costs. The employment policy has led to the employment of large numbers of workers without the actual need for them within the industrial establishments, which led to the loss of the advantages of capital intensive industries and the emergence of disguised unemployment On the other hand. - Dependence on heavy industry needs large markets, which is not available in the national market, which created great problems in the marketing of internal products with the lack of export abroad. "