03.International Pluridisciplinary PhD Meeting IPPM23

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    Maximum power point tracking for stand-alone PV system based on artificial intelligence techniques
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Salem Bendouiem; Toumi Djaafar; Djilani Benattous; Khechekhouche Ali; Gassem Abdelmalek
    maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm lead an important role in optimization the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. To validate the correctness and performance of the MPPT techniques, We have created an fuzzy logic (FLC) controller for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic system and compared it to conventional tracking algorithms Perturb and Observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC). The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully by using MATLAB Simulink on a photovoltaic solar panel model. It is demonstrated that the fuzzy logic based MPPT tracking require less time and provide more accurate results under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. compared to conventional tracking algorithms Perturb and Observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC)
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    Influence de l'incorporation de fibres naturelles Washingtonia Filifera sur les propriétés mécaniques du mortier
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Abdelhamid Khelifi; Messaouda Boumaaza; Tarek Djedid; Tahar Zerig; Belaadi Ahmed
    L'impact environnemental et la recherche d’un faible coût de la construction sont une question importante. Dans le cadre de l'intégration dans la démarche de développement durable, les matériaux respectueux l'environnement présentent un grand intérêt dans la fabrication des bâtiments, et dans ce sens, de nombreuses études ont porté sur l'exploitation des fibres naturelles comme renforts dans les matériaux de construction. Notre contribution est orientée vers l'évaluation et le développement de la fibre de palmier (WF) en remplacement partiellement le ciment. L’objectif de cette expérimentation est de sélectionner le taux optimal parmi (1%, 2%, 3%) de fibres répondant aux exigences de résistance à la compression et à la flexion du mortier. Ce scénario se produit en utilisant des éprouvettes cubiques de 4 cm de côté pour la compression et d'autres prismatiques avec des dimensions de 4 * 4 * 16 cm pour la flexion. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l'utilisation de 1% de (WF) améliore la résistance mécanique à la compression de 3,86% et donne une valeur comparable à la flexion par rapport à l'échantillon témoin
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    Heat-treated oil well sand and its exploitation in construction
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Mani Mohammed; Tarek Djedid; Logbi Abdelaziz
    When extracting petroleum during the drilling and exploration process, large quantities of sand are left behind from petroleum wells. This sand is often mixed with drilling fluids containing environmentally harmful substances. Many international organizations have recognized the danger of these sands, prompting oil-producing countries to take measures and enact strict laws to deal with this issue. Several global research studies propose various solutions, including the possibility of using heat to extract harmful chemicals and then disposing of the treated sands as non-contaminated. It is known that treating these sands with heat, reaching temperatures up to 500 degrees Celsius, can alter many of their chemical and physical properties. The question arises: can we use these heat-treated sands in construction in general, and specifically as a binding material? When using heat-treated petroleum well sands as a 100% binder, we achieve a bending resistance of 1.50 MPa and a compressive strength of approximately 0.8 MPa after 28 days. These properties improve as we add a considerable percentage of CaO, considered as clinker. When using a mixture of 50% cement and 50% heat-treated petroleum sands, the bending resistance at 28 days improves to 2.23 MPa, and the compressive strength increases to 4.8 MPa. Further improvement is observed when increasing the cement ratio to 70%, resulting in a bending resistance of 4.05 MPa and a compressive strength of 6.8 MPa after 28 days. 106In conclusion, the heat-treated petroleum sands show promising potential for use in construction, especially when combined with cement, offering improved mechanical properties.
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    Artificial Intelligence for mapping the spatial and temporal variation meteorological drought in the Aures, Algeria
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Okba MoussaouiI; Khemissi Yahiaoui; Ali Hachemi
    Insects are a readily available source of chitosan due to their high reproductive rates, ease of breeding, and resistance to changes in their ecosystem. This study aims to extract chitosan from some of the widespread insects: Pimelia fernandezlopezi (CS-PF), Blaps lethifera (CS-BL), and Musca domestica (CS-MD). The study was also extended to using the obtained chitosans in removing methylene blue dye (MB) from wastewater. The source of the chitosan, the initial concentration of MB dye, and reaction time were chosen as working parameters. The experiments were designed using Central Composite Design (CCD) based on the dye removal efficiency as the response variable. The experimental work and statistical calculation of the CCD show that the dye removal efficiency ranges from 35.9% to 88.7% for CS-BL, from 18.8% to 47.1% for CS-PF, and from 10.3% to 29.0% for CSMD at an initial MB concentration of 12.79 mg/L. The highest methylene blue dye removal efficiency is 88.7% for CS-BL at a reaction time of 120 min. This indicates that the extraction of chitosan from insects (Blaps lethifera) and their application in dye removal is a promising, environmentally friendly, economical, biodegradable, and cost-effective process. Furthermore, the CCD is a statistical experimental design technique that can be used to optimize process variables for removing other organic pollutants using chitosan
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    Contribution à l’étude expérimentale de l’approche semi théorique du ressaut hydraulique développé dans un canal rectangulaire composé avec lit mineur rugueux
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) khechiba haroun; besser djamel; herri ibtissam
    Cette présente recherche scientifique a pour but d'analyser expérimentalement l’approche semi théorique du ressaut hydraulique évoluant dans un canal rectangulaire composé avec lit mineur rugueux. L'étude examine l'effet de la rugosité imposé au lit mineur sur les caractéristiques du ressaut. A travers une analyse expérimentale soutenue par des données expérimentales, il est très possible d'obtenir, une relation de la forme f (Y, F1, Cr, β, τ). Il sera impérativement de procéder à une analyse expérimentale de cette approche pour établir l’approche explicite faisant apparaitre l’effet de la rugosité relative. Cette approche empirique permettra le dimensionnement les ouvrages hydrauliques tel que les bassins d’amortissement.
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    Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its Applications in Engineering
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Nesrat Hocine Sadam; Dalilan Sadane; Omar Ben Mya
    The intervention addresses the role of artificial intelligence in improving air pollution predictions in urban neighborhoods. The theoretical framework of artificial intelligence techniques and their potential applications in enhancing air quality predictions at the neighborhood level is analyzed. Research on the application of machine learning methods to improve air pollution predictions in urban neighborhoods is reviewed. The focus is on the analysis of the theoretical models used in air emission predictions and the evaluation of models used in air quality predictions at the urban neighborhood level. Anticipated outcomes from the application of artificial intelligence without practical implementation are identified, along with an analysis of previous relevant studies on air pollution predictions in urban neighborhoods. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of the theoretical study in improving air pollution forecasts in urban neighborhoods
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    Optimisation de l'intégration des Sables de Forage Pétrolier dans la Composition du Béton
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) MILOUDI Badar Eddine; MANI Mohamed; DJEDID Tarek
    Les champs pétrolifères du sud de l'Algérie font face à un défi environnemental majeur : l'accumulation de sable résultant des opérations de forage et d'exploration pétrolière, engendrant une pollution dangereuse pour l'homme et la nature. Plusieurs approches ont été employées pour résoudre cette problématique, notamment le traitement thermique des sables contaminés extraits.Le traitement thermique, effectué à des températures dépassant les 500 degrés, permet d'éliminer les polluants dangereux des sables. Cependant, cette méthode s'avère coûteuse, particulièrement lorsque les sables ainsi traités ne sont pas pleinement exploités et sont éliminés de manière inefficace. Nous reconnaissons que le chauffage à haute température entraîne des changements dans la composition chimique de nombreux composants du sol, altérant ainsi leurs propriétés physiques et chimiques. En outre, de nombreuses régions du sud de l'Algérie souffrent d'une pénurie de matériaux de construction, en particulier de granulats et de liants. L'objectif de cette étude est d'exploiter de manière optimale les sables extraits des puits de pétrole après leur traitement thermique, en les intégrant dans l'industrie de la construction. Notre démarche vise à déterminer comment maximiser l'utilisation de ces sables extraits tout en préservant l'environnement des sites pétroliers, y compris la végétation et la faune du désert algérien. Les principaux objectifs de notre recherche incluent l'utilisation des sables extraits et traités thermiquement en tant qu'agrégats dans la fabrication de béton. De plus, nous explorons la possibilité d'utiliser ces matériaux pour la construction des couches principales des routes désertiques, contribuant ainsi à la conservation des ressources naturelles destinées à cet usage
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    Contribution à l’étude expérimentale de la longueur relative du ressaut hydraulique évoluant en canal rectangulaire de forme composée avec lit mineur rugueux
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Herri Ibtissam; Ghomri Ali; khechiba haroun; besser djamel
    Ce présent travail scientifique a pour but d'analyser expérimentalement la caractéristique relative Lj/h1 variant en fonction du nombre de Froude Fr concernant le développement du ressaut hydraulique évolue en canal rectangulaire de forme composée avec lit mineur rugueux. Cette recherche examine l'effet de la rugosité imposé au lit mineur sur cette caractéristique relative du ressaut hydralique. Par le biais d’une analyse des mesures expérimentales, il est faisable d'obtenir, une approche empirique de la forme f (Lj/h1 , F1, ε/D). Il sera nécessairement de procéder à une analyse expérimentale de cette relation pour l’ajuster et de faire apparaitre l’effet de la rugosité relative. Cette approche expérimentale permettra le dimensionnement les ouvrages hydrauliques
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    MODELING OF OPTIMAL COAGULANT DOSE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK, APPLICATION TO WATER TREATMENT PLANT OF GUELMA
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) BOUSLAH Soraya; DJEDAOUNE Amel
    Surface water from the Hammam Debagh dam is one of the main sources of drinking water for the population of the town of Guelma. The aim of this study is to apply artificial neural networks to predict the coagulant dose for the potabilisation process at the Hammam Debaghe plant, using the various quality parameters of the raw water received from the Bouhamdane dam reservoir. The application of this model for coagulant dose prediction is of particular interest given its simplicity and ease of use for estimating the daily coagulant dose of the treatment process. These results can be a very good indicator for operators and can be used to help manage and operate the various compartments of the treatment process. Overall, the results show that RNA models are promising alternatives for coagulant dose estimation. However, further improvements to RNA structures need to be investigated. However, further improvements to the RNA structures need to be investigated. The input data for the MCP model are pH, temperature, turbidity and conductivity in the raw water at the plant inlet. The model built to predict the coagulant dose of the treatment process in the Hammam Debaghe treatment plant consists of 4 neurons in the input layer, 9 neurons in the hidden layer, and 1 neuron in the output layer. The results of the model show that the regression coefficient R = 0.8066, indicates that the PMC model is able to respond well to the training data and is able to reconcile them. The PMC model is therefore able to solve the specific problem of inputoutput data mapping. Using this model will therefore enable operators to: Reduce the costs and time required to carry out experimental Jar-tests; as well as predict an appropriate dosage for the quantities of coagulant to ensure the production of drinking water in compliance with Algerian standards.
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    Apport de l’intelligence artificielle combinée avec les systèmes d'information géographique pour l’identification des Ghouts menacés de disparition
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11)
    Le développement économique remarquable qui a connu la vallée du Souf, au Sud-est de l'Algérie, suite à l’activité agricole intense, avec une croissance démographique significative accompagnée par une extension du tissu urbain, touts ces facteurs ont entraîné une augmentation de la demande d'eau souterraine, qui est la principale source à des fins domestiques, agricoles et industrielles, dans une région aride. La mauvaise gestion de cette importante ressource d’eau a entraîné des perturbations dans l'écosystème local, y compris les Ghouts, qui caractérisent la région du Souf, et en raison de son importance historique, économique et environnementale elle a été classée par l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture (FAO) comme patrimoine agricole mondial. Ce système agricole durable et non irrigué, totalement dépendant de la nappe phréatique, est confronté à de nombreux problèmes qui le menace de disparition (submersion, rabattement de la nappe, conditions climatiques extrêmes, etc.). Cette étude vise à identifier les Ghouts menacés par la dégradation, dans la vallée du Souf, en utilisant l’intelligence artificielle (apprentissage profond par réseaux de neurones) et les images satellitaires, sur plusieurs séries temporelles. Ainsi, dans l’identification des futurs Ghouts menacés de disparition dans un futur proche. Les résultats montrent que les Ghouts de la région Sud-est de la vallée risquent de disparaitre d’ici dix ans, ce qui fait un pourcentage de 23% de la totalité des Ghouts de la région d’étude seront perdus.
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    Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles and Their Modification with Polyethylene Glycol to enhance photocatalytic activities
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Iman Kir; Laouini Salah Eddine; Meneceur Souhaila
    Synthesis using plant extracts is a simple, environmentally friendly and inexpensive method to prepare nanoparticles effective in photocatalytic applications. In this study, aqueous extract of lemon peel was used to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and then the obtained copper oxide nanoparticles were modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The optical properties and photocatalytic activities of the synthesized nanoparticles were studied. CuO NPs and CuO/PEG NPs showed a ball-like morphology with average sizes of 34 nm and 45 nm and optical band gap energies of 1.2 eV and 1.5 eV, respectively. In photocatalytic activity tests, CuO/PEG NPs showed higher activity compared to CuO NPs alone. They achieved degradation rates of 99.7% for 4-bromophenol dye (BP) and 99.5% for toluidine blue dye (TP) after 90 min, while CuO NPs achieved slightly lower rates. CuO NPs and CuO/PEG NPs showed significant photodegradation activity against amoxicillin (an antibiotic), with degradation rates of 91% and 98%, respectively, after 120 min. The reaction kinetics of CuO/PEG NPs and CuO NPs followed a pseudo-order model, with CuO/PEG NPs showing a higher rate constant than CuO NPs. Overall, modification of CuO NPs with PEG showed excellent photocatalytic properties for environmental remediation, indicating their potential use in wastewater treatment and therapeutic applications
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    Leveraging Machine Learning for Advancements in Materials Science using
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Ahlam Hacine Gherbi; Hadia Hemmami; Salah EddineLaouini; Mohammed Taher Gherbi
    This study delves into applying machine learning techniques to determine and analyze the properties of nanostructured Copper Oxide (CuO) in the field of materials science. By utilizing Python, a versatile and potent programming language, we employ diverse machine learning approaches to investigate the intricate characteristics and behaviors of CuO at the nanoscale, including image preprocessing, segmentation, particle size measurement, statistical analysis, and visualization. Leveraging advanced machine learning models, we achieve a comprehensive understanding of the distinctive properties and potential applications of nano CuO, thus contributing significantly to the advancement of materials science
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    Heat transfer improved and turbulent hydrodynamic characteristics: pin-fin heat sinks
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) N. Bessanane; M. Siameur; M. Rebay; Y. Demagh
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    A New Rotor Broken Bar Fault Diagnosis by Using CNN Based Current Signal of An Induction Motor
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) ADAIKA Hamza; TIR Zoheir; SAHRAOUI Mohamed
    Abstract— In industrial contexts, the efficient operation of induction motors is paramount, necessitating robust condition monitoring and fault diagnosis techniques to mitigate costly disruptions. In this study, we introduce an innovative approach for intelligent fault detection of broken rotor bars in induction motors, harnessing the "Signal2Image" method and convolutional neural networks (CNN). Leveraging a comprehensive current signal dataset from Aline Elly Treml Western Parana State University, encompassing various levels of broken rotor bar (BRB) faults and diverse loading conditions, our method automatically extracts essential features from input data. The "Signal2Image" process transforms time-domain current signals into 2D grayscale pixel images, facilitating CNN-based image classification to identify fault-related patterns. Through meticulous CNN parameter tuning, we achieve an impressive fault classification accuracy of 88% across all fault cases while optimizing computational efficiency. A significant contribution of this work is the substantial reduction in computational time for fault classification, surpassing existing approaches. This research enhances fault detection accuracy and streamlines the process, contributing to the field of predictive maintenance for induction motors.
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    Enhanced of Photocatalytic Activity of Biosynthesized ZnO/CuO/Cu2MgO3 Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Bromocresol Green
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Tabet Amina; Souhaila Meneceur; Salah Eddine Laouini; Salmi Chaima; Hamdi Ali Mohammed; Iman Kir
    The current investigation is centered on the sustainable synthesis, physical characterization, and performance evaluation of various metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) produced utilizing an extract derived from Common Rue. Following the synthesis of metal oxide NPs, including ZnO/CuO/Cu2MgO3, a comprehensive characterization was carried out employing various techniques such as FTIR, UV, XRD, and SEM to scrutinize their chemical and physical attributes. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated by assessing their effectiveness in degrading bromocresol green, an anionic dye. The characterization results substantiated the successful fabrication of ZnO/CuO/Cu2MgO3 nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis verified the presence of hexagonal ZnO and monoclinic CuO nanoparticles within the nanocomposite, along with cubic Cu2MgO3. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated well-defined, spherical nanocomposite particles with an average size of approximately 70 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the coexistence of both organic and inorganic components within the nanocomposite. These nanoparticles exhibited respective band gap energies of 1.5 eV. The study on photocatalytic activity revealed a substantial removal of the organic dye by the synthesized nanoparticles, achieving a degradation coefficient of 99.66% at 75 minutes. These findings underscore the efficacy of ZnO, MgO, and CuO nanoparticles, suggesting their potential as a cost-effective and environmentally safe alternative for water treatmen
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    Utilization of Biochar Produced from Pomegranate Peels for the Effective Adsorption of Dyes in Water
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Imane Bouchareb; Racha kara; Noureddine Rouahna; Abdelkader Ouakouak; Noureddine Hamdi
    In this work, a low-cost and efficient biochar was prepared from pomegranate peels (PP) and used adsorbent for cationic dyes, namely, Crystal Violet (CV) and Methylene Blue (MB). The Biochar (PP-biochar) was characterized using FTIR, XPS, BET, SEM and pHPZC analysis, and the batch experiments were carried out for the both cationic dyes. First of all, the results showed that PP-biochar with CV exhibits highly porous structure (SBET=508.9 m2/g), VT=0.19 cm3/g) with even distribution between micropore (50.8%) and mesopore (49.2 %) volume. The pHPZC value of the prepared biochar was 6.42. In the other side, the adsorption kinetics data were well described by the pseudo-second order and Avrami models. The maximum adsorption capacity of Langmuir (Q0max) for the CV and MB dyes was found to be 201.2 and 320.6 mg/g, respectively (in the single system). The finding suggest that the developed biochar is of promising potential to be applied as eco-friendly material for removing dyes from wastewater
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    Navigating Adsorption Intelligence: A Schiff's Base and Design Expert Approach
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Khaoula Alia; Djamal Atia
    Schiff's bases, foundational in coordination chemistry, exert a profound influence on the behavior of metal complexes. This study explores their pivotal role in enhancing dye adsorption, with a specific emphasis on their application in environmental remediation. The intricate process of dye adsorption is systematically approached, leveraging Schiff's bases to optimize fundamental mechanisms. Key factors, including surface interactions, chemical affinities, and structural properties, are meticulously considered to augment the efficiency of the adsorption process. Central to our methodology is the strategic application of the Design Expert software, providing a systematic and optimized framework for experimental design and parameter selection. The study revolves around Schiff bases, a versatile class of compounds formed through the condensation of carbonyl and amino groups. Advanced analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy and chromatography, guided by Schiff's rules, offer a nuanced understanding of the molecular and structural aspects of the complexes. Noteworthy results highlight the efficacy of Schiff's bases and Design Expert optimizations in achieving significant improvements in dye absorption. Trends, patterns, and optimized conditions are elucidated, showcasing the success of the approach in facilitating efficient and sustainable dye uptake. The discussion interprets these results within the context of broader implications for environmental applications, emphasizing considerations such as reusability, efficiency, and environmental friendliness. Challenges encountered during the study are candidly addressed, contributing to a comprehensive reflection on the experimental journey. In conclusion, this study advances our understanding of dye absorption by strategically applying Schiff's bases and Design Expert enhancements. The research provides a notable contribution to the field, underscoring the pivotal role of these principles in elevating adsorption efficiency. The study suggests promising avenues for future research, emphasizing further exploration of Schiff bases in environmental remediation and materials science. This work significantly contributes to the evolving landscape of sustainable solutions for dye removal and environmental protection
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    Comparative Study between Direct Torque and Direct Power
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) HammoudiiBen ail; Hicham Serhoud
    This paper presents a comparative analysis of two control strategies applied in wind energy systems: direct torque control (DTC) and direct power control (DPC) of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator. As the demand for renewable energy sources continues to soar, optimizing the efficiency of wind turbines is paramount. The study meticulously examines the advantages and performance characteristics of both control methods to shed light on their strengths and limitations. In the case of DTC applied to a DFIG, achieving minimal torque response time and eliminating the need for PI controllers prove advantageous when the DPC control strategy eliminates the necessity for rotor current control loops and PI controllers to control the stator active and reactive powers. Finally, the performance of the system is tested and compared by simulation in terms of robustness and pursuit tests based on Matlab/Simulink software.
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    Molecular docking studies of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for their potential use against SARS-CoV-2
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Henda Daoudi; Abderrhmane Bouafia; Salah Eddine Laouini; Mamoun Fellah; Selmi Boulbaba
    Comprehending the COVID-19 pandemic and preventing future coronavirus pandemics hinges on our ability to grasp the evolutionary strategies employed by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. In the present investigation, we determined the crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) from currently circulating omicron subvariant XBB.1.5 complexed with silver nanoparticles AgNPs. The primary function of the spike protein RBD is to bind to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 human cellular receptor (hACE2) that helps the virus enter the host cell . The docking studies revealed that AgNPs have the capacity to bind to the spike protein RBD, potentially elucidating their antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 . Obtained results showed a favorable binding energy of -10.2 Kcal/mol between the nanoparticles and the protein target. According to the docking analysis, AgNPs formed four bonds at the binding site, three hydrogen bond between ALA153 of spike protein and Ag atom, and one σ bonds between LEU281 of spike protein and Ag atom, underscoring their interaction with the active site. AgNPs exhibit potential as effective agents against viruses raising the possibility of their use in the treatment and prevention of COVID- 19 and used to develop effective antiviral drugs
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    ESTIMATION DE L'ÉVAPOTRANSPIRATION POTENTIELLE ET REELLE DANS UNE ZONE HYPER ARIDE (CAS D’OUED SOUF -SE ALGÉRIEN-)
    (University of Eloued, 2023-12-11) Mohammed Faouzi LACHEHEB; Salah Eddine KHETTA; Salim KHECHANA; Abdennour LAMOUDI
    Le développement social et économique important qu'à connaît la région d’Oued Souf est entravé par l'insuffisance des ressources en eau et ce déficit en eau nécessite également une gestion rationnelle de cette ressource. L'estimation de l'évapotranspiration est une étape essentielle dans la modélisation de la production agricole et la planification de l'irrigation. Dans notre étude, une comparaison de cinq méthodes d'estimation de l'évapotranspiration a été faite: Blaney-Criddle, Thornthwaite, Turc, Penman et Monteith - approuvée par FAO et la formule approuvée par l'agence nationale des ressources hydriques (ANRH). Dans cette étude, nous avons adopté des outils statistiques (programme SPSS) tels que l'erreur relative et l'équation linéaire pour déterminer le coefficient de corrélation, le test T, la moyenne arithmétique et l'écart type, afin d'élaborer le bilan hydrique qui montre un déficit tout au long de l'année. Nous avons arrivé à montrer que la formule de Penman et Monteith approuvée par FAO est la méthode la plus appropriée pour calculer l'ETP, non seulement pour la zone d'étude mais dans toute zone ayant les même conditions et caractéristiques climatiques