Algerian journal of chimical engineering

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Preparation methods keratin and nanoparticles keratin from wool: a review
(جامعة الوادي - university of el oued, 2020-07-05) Ben Seghir, , Bachir; Hemmami, Hadia; Zeghoud, Soumeia; Laouini, Salah Eddine; Rebiai, Abdelkrim; Ben Amor, Ilham; Souici, Imane; Beki, Ahlam
Keratins are a group of fibrous proteins, These proteins are abundantly present in nature and constitute the major part of the hair, wool, horns, nails, feathers, and the stratum corneum of the skin. Among others, an ecological and economic point of view, recovery of many organic substances discharged into the effluent of textile mills is of prime importance. This thesis review certain physical and chemical characteristics of the keratin derived utilizing five processes of chemical extraction: reduction, hydrolysis, sulfitolysis, oxidation, and production. Since the keratin is a group of fibrous protein and has many useful applications. For example: In pharmaceutical industries, plastic production, biosorption, and tissue engineering. Considering this advantage, this work mainly concentrates on the nanoparticle keratin synthesis through different methods
Corrosion inhibition of aluminium in phosphoric acid solution using glutaraldehyde as inhibitor
(جامعة الوادي - university of el oued, 2020-08-15) Husaini, Musa; unusa, Umar; Ibrahim, Hussaina Aminu; Usman, Bishir; Ibrahim, Muhammad Bashir
The effect of glutaraldehyde as corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in phosphoric acid solution was studied by using weight loss method and characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopic analysis. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in inhibitor concentration and decreases with increase in temperature while the corrosion rates increases with rise in temperature and decreases with increase in inhibitor concentration. The value of activation energy (ΔEa) was found to be 32.61 kJ/mol in uninhibited acid solution and increased to 47.33 kJ/mol in the presence of 0.1 M inhibitor concentration. The positive values of the enthalpy of activation (ΔHa) suggest an endothermic nature of the reaction and negative values of activation entropy (ΔSa) shows that the activation complexes in the rate determining step represent an association rather than dissociation. The values of free energies of adsorption were all negative which indicate spontaneity of the process. The phenomenon of physical adsorption is proposed from the values of activation energy and free energy of adsorption. The results also shows that the adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the surface of aluminum is accord with Langmuir adsorption isotherm as to the values of correlation coefficient (R2) obtained were very close to unity. The result of the SEM analysis in the presence of inhibitor shows how the aluminium surface was protected against the aggressive effect of the acid. The new functional group in the FTIR analysis of the corrosion product is an indication of thin layer formation on the aluminium surface.
Organic compound as inhibitor for corrosion of aluminum in sulphuric acid solution
(جامعة الوادي - university of el oued, 2020-10-17) Husaini, Musa
The corrosion behavior of aluminum in H2SO4 solution was investigated by weight loss method in absence and presence of organic compound (glutaraldehyde) as inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency (I.E) was found to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration from 0.02 to 0.10 M and decrease as temperature increased. The activation energy value was 36.91 kJ/mol in uninhibited acid solution which increased to 61.80 kJ/mol in the presence of the inhibitor. The values of activation energy were found to increase with increase in inhibitor concentration due to the adsorption of more inhibitor molecules on the metal surface. The positive and negative values of enthalpy and entropy signified the endothermic adsorption process and formation of an ordered system. The negative value and low values of Gibbs’s free energy of adsorption indicate the spontaneous and physical adsorption mechanism of the adsorption process. The adsorption of inhibitor on the metal surface was found to accord with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, scanning electron microscopic analysis, surface and functional group characterization supported the inhibitive effect of the glutaraldehyde at the metal surface
Numerical predictions using LBM application: laminar mixed convection of non-Newtonian nanofluids in ventilated square cavities
(جامعة الوادي - university of el oued, 2020-11-18) BOUTRA, Abdelkader; LABSI, Nabila; BENKAHLA, Youb Khaled
In this paper, we investigate numerically the flow field and heat transfer of a viscoplastic nanofluid flowing within ventilated devices. The incompressible nanofluid with constant and uniform physical and rheological properties is composed of silver nanoparticles suspended in a non-Newtonian base fluid that obeys the Bingham rheological model. This numerical study is based on the multiple-relaxation-time Lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM). The two-dimensional nine-velocity (D2Q9) model is adopted to solve the flow field, while the two-dimensional five-velocity (D2Q5) model is developed to solve the temperature field. The impact of various pertinent parameters, such as Richardson (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 100), Bingham (0 ≤ Bn ≤ 20), and Prandtl numbers (1 ≤ Pr ≤ 30), is widely inspected, side by side with the nanoparticles volume fraction (0 ≤  ≤ 10%). The obtained results show the important effect of these parameters, which cannot be neglected, on both flow and heat transfer structures, in this type of cavities.
Study of effect of tin on the electrochemical properties of cycled PbSn alloys of lead-acid battery
(جامعة الوادي - university of el oued, 2021-01-01) Dilmi, Toufik; Guelil, Abdehamid; Dakhouch, Achour
Tin has a beneficial effect on the electrochemical properties of the corrosion film formed on PbSn grids by reducing its resistivity mainly on cycling of the battery. Binary alloys with different tin contents were subjected to several charge-discharge cycles between and vs. Electrode in solution at. The electrochemical properties of alloys in sulfuric acid solution were studied by Cyclic Voltammetry, Linear Voltammetry and Chronpotentiometry. The compositions of the corrosion layer obtained at different numbers of cycles were determined by DRX. We were found that reduces the thickness and favorites a more conductive and dense layer between the grid and the positive active mass.
Microwave assisted preparation of onion skin activated carbon: Application for removal of tetracycline
(جامعة الوادي - university of el oued, 2021-04-25) Ait Ouaissa, Y; Djbrouni, A; Chabani, S; Chabani, M; Amrane, A; Bensmaili, A
The activated carbon prepared from onion skin by H2SO4 activation under microwave radiation was investigated. The effect of different condition in order to obtain the high removal efficiency of Tetracycline and carbon yield was studied. The optimum condition has been identified at the acid concentration of 1N, Microwave power of 720W, microwave radiation of 5min and impregnation heating time of 48 h. The obtained activated carbon under these conditions was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and by FTIR spectra. Microwave energy is predicted to be for fuel technology in various areas, while its progress represents an expanding field in the area of adsorption science.
Platform for studying properties of blend systems
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2021-05-20) BouzidaLatifa- FouddadaFatma Zohra - Hiadsia Said
In this work, JAVA and MATLAB languages were used to coding a platform that is capable to study different physical properties of polymer blends such as thermal properties (glass transition temperature Tg and simulation for pyrolysis process...), miscibility (by using interaction parameter) …etc. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ is an important value to reflect the miscibility of polymer. If it is negative or very small, the two compounds prefer to mix. Else, the constituents prefer to phase separate (immiscibility). In this paper, the interaction parameter was calculated by using the solubility parameter. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature Tg can be also an important element to predict miscibility of polymer blends, whereas for a miscible system one single Tg take place. Our software permits also to pick up glass transition temperature Tg from the curve of specific volume versus temperature. In addition, our software is capable to study the pyrolysis process after the experimental work by using the distributed activation energy Model (DAEM) with just three heating rates. The software contained a help and special puzzle and other elements
Cationic dyes removal from wastewater by adsorptive method: A systematic in-depth review
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2021-07-04) Yunusa,Umar. Usman ,Bishir . Ibrahim , Muhammad Bashir
One of the most pressing environmental problems is the existence of synthetic dyes in industrial wastewaters. The presence of dyes in wastewater can cause severe problems to human beings and aquatic life, and that warrants removal from aqueous medium. Amongst the multiple strategies to treat dye-contaminated water, adsorption is considered superior because of low cost, flexibility, ease of operation and lower energy consumption. Many adsorbents, including carbon-based materials, biomaterials, nanomaterials, Schiff bases, metal-organic frameworks as well as natural and synthetic polymers, have been successfully applied in cationic dyes remediation. The current review article provides literature information about cationic dyes, various treatment strategies, principles of adsorption and recent trends in adsorbents application were discussed at length. The applicability of various isotherms and kinetic models for cationic dyes removal by diversified adsorbents is also highlighted here. Conclusions have been drawn from the literature reviewed and recommendations for future research perspectives are proposed
Clustering and discernment of Algerian bee pollen using an image analysis system
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2021-07-15) ARebiaia B-Ben Seghirbc- H Hemmami-S. Zeghoudd- TSihamd I- Kouadrie H- Tereaf F- Brahmiad
In this paper, we suggest a framework for multi-focal image classification and identification, the methodology being demonstrated on microscope pollen images (image processing and classification techniques). The framework is intended to be generic and based on a brute force-like approach aimed to be efficient not only on any kind, and any number, of pollen images (regardless of the pollen type), but also on any kind of multi-focal images. Microscope images information obtained from bee pollen samples (72 samples) of different floral origin from various Algerian counties were used to formulate a method for rapid classification using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). Both stages of the framework’s pipeline are planned to be used in an automated fashion. First, the optimum focus is chosen using the absolute gradient method. Then, pollen grains are collected using a coarse-to-fine method involving both clustering and morphological techniques. Finally, features are extracted and selected using a generalized method, and their classification is checked with using HCA. Our findings indicate that HCA meets the demands for automatic pollen detection making it an alternative method for research concerning pollen.
Textile dyes removal from wastewater using recent promising composites: A review
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2021-08-18) Aichour Amina-Djafer Khodja Hakim -ZaghouaneBoudiaf Hassinab
Dyes are widely used in many fields such as textiles, leather, paper, and plastics. The industries which used dyes consume a large amount of water, and in some textile dyeing operations, as much as 15-20% of dyes used do not attach to the fibers, so they are lost to wastewater, and the resulting colored effluents can represent a serious water pollution problem due to their color content and toxic components which, over time, are directly involved in the degradation of our ecosystem. The usual effluent treatment involves biological systems like activated sludge; however, conventional treatment has not efficiently removed the effluent dye due to the recalcitrant nature of the dyes and the diverse composition of the effluent. Some conventional methods which have been largely used to eliminate dyes ions from various industrial effluents are often costly, especially in removing dye ions from dilute solutions. Adsorption is considered quite attractive in terms of its efficiency of removal from dilute solutions. Recently, various composites have received wide attention due to their outstanding properties in wastewater treatment. However, non-biodegradable synthetic polymers are largely applied as the organic components of these composites, leading to negative environmental impacts. In this paper, after a brief description of textile dyes, their toxicity and the conventional physic-chemical processes used in the degradation of dyes, we have focused on some of the work published over the past 5 years using the most promising composites for environmental purposes. Overall, the biopolymers and magnetic-based composites have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for a large range of dyes.
equilibrium and thermodynamics studies of congo red dye adsorption from aqueous solution onto activated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) husk
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2021-10-10) Abdullahi Muhammad Ayuba . Bridge,t Idoko . Kinetics,
Adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solution onto activated cowpea husk (ACPH), a low-cost agricultural waste material in a batch process was investigated. Adsorption was studied as a function of amount of adsorbent, pH, initial dye concentration and time. It was found that adsorption capacity varied linearly with the amount of adsorbent, initial CR concentration with time. The results show that maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at the optimum levels of contact time (24.3157mg/g at 60 minutes), adsorbent dose (24.532mg/g at 0.1g), initial dye concentration (407.2787mg/g at 500mg/L) and pH (24.26mg/g at 1.5). Adsorption equilibrium data were represented by isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics models. Three isotherm models namely Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were tested and adsorption was found to fit well into Langmuir model relatively better than others. The maximum loading capacity (qm) of the adsorbent for Congo red obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model is 263.16 mg/g. The kinetic data was well described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model with the correlation coefficients (R2) value of 0.994. The adsorption process was found to be thermodynamically endothermic and spontaneous. The negative value of ΔS (-0.00053J/mol.k) infer that the randomness decreases at the adsorbent/adsorbate interface during the adsorption process. FTIR and SEM analyses of the adsorbent suggest that adsorption of the dye was through an electrostatic interaction between the functional groups present in the dye and those on the surface of the adsorbent
Synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of two Schiff bases derived from cyclohexylamine
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2022-01-01) A, A. Ahmed-U, M. Kuramaa-U, S. Buba -I, M. Wakil
Design and development of novel materials with outstanding antimicrobial properties has transpired to hinder and regulate the growth of microorganisms. Indubitably, Schiff bases are the magic bullet that have efficient antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic strains. The Schiff bases, L1 and L2 reported herein were respectively synthesized by equimolar condensation of benzophenone with cyclohexylamine and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone with cyclohexylamine. The products were obtained in excellent yield of 66 and 75 %. The Schiff bases were subjected to solubility test, melting point determination and FT-IR spectroscopic analysis. They were found to show relative thermal stability with melting points of 220 and 195 oC and solubility in methanol, acetone and dimethylformamide of the solvents used. The FT-IR confirmed the formation of the Schiff bases with appearance of azomethine (C=N) peak at 1652 and 1592 cm-1. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the Schiff bases was tested against two gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogens) and two gram negative (Pseudomonas aureginosa and Escherichia coli) as well as two fungi strains (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans). The results reveal that the Schiff base L2 shows promising activity against all the pathogen under investigation. However, no activity was observed for L1 against the microbes except Streptococcus pyogens
Thermally integrated microchannel methanol steam reforming reactors for hydrogen production
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2022-02-17) Junjie ,Chen
Thermally integrated microchannel reforming reactors have attracted considerable interest for a wide variety of applications. However, the mechanisms for the effects of design factors on heat transfer characteristics are still not fully understood. The present study relates to a thermochemical process for producing hydrogen by the catalytic endothermic reaction of methanol with steam in a thermally integrated microchannel reforming reactor. Numerical simulations are conducted using computational fluid dynamics to understand the consumption, generation, and exchange of thermal energy between endothermic and exothermic processes in the reactor. The effects of wall heat conduction properties and channel dimensions on heat transfer characteristics and reactor performance are investigated. Thermodynamic analysis is performed based on specific enthalpy to better understand the evolution of thermal energy in the reactor. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the channel walls is fundamentally important. Materials with high thermal conductivity are preferred for the channel walls. Thermally conductive ceramics and metals are well-suited. Wall materials with poor heat conduction properties degrade the reactor performance. Reaction heat flux profiles are considerably affected by channel dimensions. The peak reaction heat flux increases with the channel dimensions while maintaining the flow rates. The change in specific enthalpy is positive for the exothermic reaction and negative for the endothermic reaction. The change in specific sensible enthalpy is always positive. Design recommendations are made to improve thermal performance for the reactor.
Theoretical Evaluation of the Potency of some Tetracycline Molecules as Anti-Brucella Agents: DFT and Molecular Docking Approaches
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2022-06-04) Dayo ,Felix LATONA -Oyeronke ,Damilola EESUO-
Brucellosis is caused by an intracellar pathogens known as Brucella. It is a zoonotic disease that causes renal and cardiac failures in human beings and tetracycline is one of the prominent antibiotics employed as anti-brucella agent. In this research, molecular docking of some tetracycline molecules against Brucellosis protease was reported. In order to analyse the reactivities of the tetracycline molecules in vacuum and solvent phases, DFT reactivity descriptors of five Tetracycline molecules as anti-brucellosis at the B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) level of theory was investigated. The inhibition based on the binding affinity values showed that inhibition was in the order: Anhydrotetracycline >Metatetracycline > Oxytetracycline > Tetracycline > Chlorotetracycline. Therefore, among the five tetracycline molecules studied, Anhydrotetrcycline is the most effective antibiotics for combating Brucellosis.
Strength and Thermal Analysis in Sulfate Attack of Ordinary and Pozzolanic Rice Husk Ash Concrete
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2022-10-27) IkumapayiCatherine Mayowa-Taiwo Ponmile Ayanwale
Durability is one of the unanswered questions limiting the wide acceptability of pozzolanic cement in the world today despite its numerous advantages. Resistance to sulfate attack is one of the durability properties of concrete. Ordinary and 10% Rice husk ash (RHA) pozzolanic cement concrete, with a mix ratio of 1:2:4 were produced. These specimens were subjected to both magnesium and sulfate attacks at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days hydration and their thermal analysis conducted. Information such as complex thermos, thermal effects (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were collected in Nitrogen gas atmosphere. Hydration behaviour and state of the specimens with and without RHA were analysed. The experiment was conducted at a temperature between 30°C to 980°C and the heating speed was 10°C/min. The results of all the thermal analyses for concrete with 10%RHA (i.e the control), Na2SO4 concrete and MgSO4 were obtained and analysed. The result of the compressive strength when Ordinary Portland cement was partially substituted for RHA was also presented. The results showed RHA to be capable of enhancing the compressive strength, sulfate resistance and thermal resistance of concrete if used in the right proportion.
Non-destructive multielement analysis of airborne particles byinstrumental neutron activation analysis
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2022-12-31) Sani Musa - AbdullahiMuhammad Ayuba
Adsorption of anionic dye Alizarin red S (ARS) on carbonized typha grass (CRB-TG) was studied in an equilibrium batch process. Effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature on the ARS removal were tested. The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and point of zero charge (PZC) methods. Equilibrium data were mathematically modelled using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevich (D-R) models. Kinetic of adsorption was determined by pseudo first-order, pseudo-second-order Elovich and Intraparticle diffusion models. The thermodynamics quantities of the adsorption process including ΔS (56.983J/molK), ΔH (10.909kJ/mol) and ΔG (-6.359 to -7.499kJ/mol) were calculated from Van’t Hoff plot. An optimum equilibrium removal of the anionic dye was obtained at a pH of 6, contact time of 60 minutes, low adsorbent dosage and moderate temperature. The rapid ARS adsorption verified the efficiency of CRB-TG with a maximum adsorption capacity of 46.296mg/g. The data generated were best described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm was favoured by Freundlich compared to other models tested. The thermodynamics parameters indicate the process to be rapid, feasible and spontaneous. The obtained results show that carbonized typha grass can be used as a readily available, low cost, eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes from waste water with improved efficacy as an outstanding alternative to the commercially available adsorbents
Non-destructive multielement analysis of airborne particles byinstrumental neutron activation analysis
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2022-12-31) Sani, Musa -Abdullahi, Muhammad Ayuba
Durability is one of the unanswered questions limiting the wide acceptability of pozzolanic cement in the world today despite its numerous advantages. Resistance to sulfate attack is one of the durability properties of concrete. Ordinary and 10% Rice husk ash (RHA) pozzolanic cement concrete, with a mix ratio of 1:2:4 were produced. These specimens were subjected to both magnesium and sulfate attacks at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days hydration and their thermal analysis conducted. Information such as complex thermos, thermal effects (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were collected in Nitrogen gas atmosphere. Hydration behaviour and state of the specimens with and without RHA were analysed. The experiment was conducted at a temperature between 30°C to 980°C and the heating speed was 10°C/min. The results of all the thermal analyses for concrete with 10%RHA (i.e the control), Na2SO4 concrete and MgSO4 were obtained and analysed. The result of the compressive strength when Ordinary Portland cement was partially substituted for RHA was also presented. The results showed RHA to be capable of enhancing the compressive strength, sulfate resistance and thermal resistance of concrete if used in the right proportion
A short review of Nanomaterials: Synthesis methods, properties, and applications
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2023-03-23) ALHAMAD, Ali ALNAZZA . ZEGHOUD, Soumeia .Ilham ,BEN AMOR.ZAATER,Abdelmalek . BEN AMOR,Asma. AOUADI,Abdelatif . HEMMAMI, Amira.NLEONU,Emmanuel CHILE
Due to their significant features, engineered nanomaterials have received much attention recently, sparking significant technical and monetary growth across various industrial sectors. Moreover, it is anticipated that nanomaterials will support a variety of industries, including microelectronics, materials, textiles, energy, healthcare, and cosmetics. Nanotechnology applications will lead to the development of lighter, stronger, and cleaner materials, intelligent medications, and diagnostics in the medical field. The relative hazards of various nanomaterials to humans and the environment are still up for debate, therefore, it's essential to be aware of the concerns related to possible toxicity and exposure route. Here, we go through several elements of creating, characterizing, and using nanoparticles.
Recovery of Cationic Dyes Bearing Wastewater Using Shea Butter Leaves: Kinetic Adsorption, Desorption and Reusability Studies
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2023-06-18) Shehu, M-B Ayuba, B
The present study explains the preparation and application of Vitellaria paradoxa Activated Carbon (VPAC) as a new low-cost adsorbent in the removal of methylene blue and rhodamine B dye from its aqueous solution. SEM showed surface morphology, EDX disclosed elemental composition while pHpzc determines the pH at which the adsorbent surface has net electrical neutrality. The effects of operating parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, pH, temperature and competition were investigated for the removal of methylene blue and rhodamine B dyes using VPAC. VPAC was maximum at pH of 6 contact time of 60min and pH of 7 contact of time 80min respectively. The adsorption kinetic results showed that the pseudo-second order model was more suitable to explain the adsorption of methylene blue and rhodamine Bdye onto VPAC, because the calculated and experimental are in agreement. In VPAC, Qexp = 49.092mg/g, Qcal = 49.505mg/g and R2= 0.999 for methylene blue while Qexp = 49.508mg/g, Qcal = 49.011mg/g and R= 0.999 for rhodamine B. The adsorption mechanism results showed that the adsorption process was controlled by both the internal and external diffusion of methylene blue and rhodamine B dye molecules. Desorption studies for reusability revealed that HCl offered the best recovery.
Phytochemical, Proximate and Antimicrobial Screening in the aerial part plant of Drynaria sparsisora
(University of Eloued جامعة الوادي, 2024-01-01) Ene,Ogwuche Christiana . Blessing,Odogwu Chibuzor
After being gathered from the Uviwe local government area in Delta state, the leaves of Drynaria sparsisora were mixed, air-dried, and then extracted using a soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane and methanol as the solvents. Using the standard procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (A.O.A.C.), the phytochemical and proximate analysis was performed on the extract. Results of the phytochemical screening carried out on the combined extracts (n-hexane and methanol) showed the presence of alkaloids, proteins, sugars, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and steroids. To ascertain the moisture content, carbon, lipid content, ash, fat, and nitrogen, proximate analysis was used. According to the results, there was 1.2% fat and 50.4% carbon in the sample. The following were obtained for the others: lipid content (34%), ash content (6.5%), and nitrogen (6.69%). Mueller Hinton agar medium was used to test the antimicrobial activities of both extracts against a variety of clinical pathogenic microorganisms, including Helico bacterpylori, Campylo bacterjejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonel platypi, Proteus mirabilis, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis. The zones of inhibition were determined, and at various concentrations, the n-hexane and methanol extract demonstrated resistance to Escherichia coli, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staph aureus, candida krusei, and candida tropicalis. Methanol and n-hexane extracts have MICs of 25 μg/m and 50 μg/m, respectively. For the extracts of methanol and n-hexane, the MBC/MFC are 50 μg/m and 25 μg/m, respectively.

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