Department of english language
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item The Contribution of Vocabulary knowledge and Working Memory to the Understanding of Literary Themes in Things Fall Apart(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-07) Baizid, ziad; ABDELLAHOUM, Samircomparison to reading in one’s first language. Despite researchers’ and teachers’ attempts to develop learners’ conception and appreciation of literary texts, several learners fail to construct a complete understanding of the essence of narratives. To date, little empirical evidence exists concerning the factors contributing to these challenges. Assuming that vocabulary knowledge and working memory capacity are two of the most significant components in reading comprehension, the present research investigates the contribution of these two variables to the understanding of literary themes in Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. The study was conducted among 76 master’s one students enrolled in the department of Arts and English Language at Hamma Lakhdar University of El Oued. Four measures were employed in this study, including vocabulary knowledge test, reading comprehension test, thematic study test, and a digit span task. These tests were designed to assess participants’ vocabulary knowledge, general reading ability, grasp of literary themes and working memory capacity respectively. The obtained findings revealed a significant positive correlation between participants’ vocabulary knowledge and their reading comprehension performance (r = .373, p= .005). However, no statistically significant correlation was found between the other remaining variables. The present research might have important implications for syllabus designers, language educators and learners as it helps them develop more effective courses’ outlines through including more aspects of language mastery skills, use efficient teaching strategies that might support learners in their reading comprehension process, and increase their awareness towards their general reading ability respectively. من الواضح أن القراءة بلغة أجنبية تُعتبر مهمةً شاقة بالنسبة للكثير من المتعلمين مقارنةً بالقراءة بلغتهم الأم. على الرغم من محاولات الباحثين والمعلمين لتطوير فهم المتعلمين وتقديرهم للنصوص الأدبية، فإن العديد من المتعلمين يفشلون في بناء فهمٍ كامل لجوهر الروايات. الى يومنا هذا، لا توجد أدلة تجريبية كافية تتعلق بالعوامل التي تسهم في هذه التحديات. بناءً على افتراض أن معرفة المفردات اللغوية وسعة الذاكرة العاملة هما من أهم المكونات في فهم القراءة، يهدف هذه البحث إلى دراسة مساهمة هاتين المتغيرتين في فهم المواضيع الأدبية في رواية تشينوا آتشيبي "الأشياء تتداعى". تم إجراء الدراسة على 76 طالب ماستر مسجلاً في كلية الآداب واللغات قسم لغة إنجليزية في جامعة حمة لخضر بالوادي. تم استخدام أربعة مقاييس في هذه الدراسة. بما في ذلك اختبار معرفة المفردات، واختبار فهم القراءة، واختبار موضوعية ادبية، واختبار الذاكرة الرقمية. تم تصميم هذه الاختبارات لتقييم معرفة المشاركين بالمفردات اللغوية، وقدرتهم العامة على القراءة، وفهمهم للمواضيع الأدبية، وسعة ذاكرتهم العاملة على التوالي. أظهرت النتائج المتحصل عليها وجود ترابط إيجابي معنوي بين معرفة المشاركين بالمفردات وأدائهم في فهم القراءة (r = .373، p = .005). مع ذلك، لم يتم العثور على ترابط إحصائي ذو دلالة بين المتغيرات المتبقية الأخرى. قد يكون للبحث الحالي آثار مهمة على مصممي المناهج الدراسية ومعلمي اللغة والمتعلمين، حيث يساعدهم في وضع خطط دراسية أكثر فعالية من خلال تضمين جوانب أكثر من مهارات استيعاب اللغة، واستخدام استراتيجيات تدريس فعالة قد تدعم المتعلمين في عملية فهم القراءة، وزيادة وعيهم تجاه قدرتهم العامة على القراءة على التوالي.Item The Influence of US Political Interests on the Libyan Civil War(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-12) ABADI, Nardjes; NEIMI, NadjlaIt can be argued that, Libyan civil war has witnessed an involvement by the Unites States of America by using its foreign policy there. This study aims to discuss the issue of American policy in the Libyan civil war. The study examines economic, military and political aspect of the Libyan uprising, plus to the United States interventions in each side. This work gives information and investigations about the Arab spring and the effect of America on it, besides to Muammar Qaddafi's regime before 2011 as considered the main reasons of the 2011 protests. This work presents the events and facts of Libyan uprising, and how it started from the demonstrations till it turned to a civil war, and how the international community act toward it. Also, the governmental division from 2011 until nowadays and how the terroristic organization and the Islamic States in Iraq and Syria impacted that effect the Libya war. This work adopted tools of the descriptive analytical method and the historical method to describe, analyse and narrate data from the uprising till the current situations. The study reveals the main results of the Libyan war and the effects of the American foreign policy in the state. ويمكن القول إن الحرب الأهلية الليبية شهدت تورطاً للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية باستخدام سياستها الخارجية هناك. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى مناقشة موضوع السياسة الأمريكية في الحرب الأهلية الليبية. تتناول الدراسة الجوانب الاقتصادية والعسكرية والسياسية للانتفاضة الليبية، بالإضافة إلى تدخلات الولايات المتحدة في كل جانب. يقدم هذا العمل معلومات وتحقيقات حول الربيع العربي وتأثير أمريكا عليه، بالإضافة إلى نظام معمر القذافي قبل عام 2011 باعتباره الأسباب الرئيسية لاحتجاجات 2011. يعرض هذا العمل أحداث وحقائق الانتفاضة الليبية، وكيف بدأت منذ المظاهرات حتى تحولت إلى حرب أهلية، وكيف يتصرف المجتمع الدولي تجاهها. وأيضا الانقسام الحكومي منذ عام 2011 حتى يومنا هذا وكيف أثر التنظيم الإرهابي والدول الإسلامية في العراق وسوريا على ذلك في حرب ليبيا. اعتمد هذا العمل على أدوات المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والمنهج التاريخي في وصف وتحليل وسرد البيانات منذ الانتفاضة وحتى الأوضاع الراهنة. وتكشف الدراسة عن أبرز نتائج الحرب الليبية وتأثيرات السياسة الخارجية الأمريكية في الدولة.Item Conceptualization of Arab Women in the Orient: Nawal EL- Saadawi’s Two Women in One(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-12) BARR, Maroua; HAMAMA, ChaimaThis dissertation examines Arab women's intersectional experiences in the Oriental through a critical analysis of Nawal El Saadawi's novel Two Women in One in context of contemporary Arab feminism; applying intersectionality theory to Arab women's challenges, and depicting dual identity dynamics. In this study, qualitative analysis is used to examine the portrayal of themes such as gender, family, religion, and social class within the novel, providing insight into Arab women's struggles within the social norms of Arab society. Intersectionality theory unveils diverse identity dimensions shaping women's lives, exemplified by the protagonist Bahiah Chahin's navigation of societal expectations, education, art, agency, and complexities. The study reveals the alignment of power dynamics, economics, education, and cultural norms with intersectionality principles, emphasizing the empowerment potential within societal frameworks. Bahiah's dual identity mirrors the evolving gender, cultural, and societal norms in the Arab Orient, revealing the interplay of tradition and change.Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of Arab feminism, intersectionality discourse, and the nuanced lives of women in the Arab Orient.Item The Use of Metaphors in Describing the Algerian Hirak in Western and Arab Literature: Case Study of Farrand’s The Algerian Dream and Jadaliyya e-Zine(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-11) GUEHEF, Hamza; Keddar, Abdelhakim; Ghedeir Bachir, MostafaThis research explores the metaphors depicted in academic literature by Algerian and Western writers. The Algerian perspective was represented by the articles featured in the web journal Jadalyyia, while The Algerian Dream book represented the Western perspective. The study aims to explore the metaphors used in Western and Arabic literature representing the Algerian Hirak. To achieve this aim, the study employed a descriptive case study. The analysis revealed that Western literature uses metaphors and their modifications to elicit feelings, provide vivid images, and frame the story involving the Algerian Hirak. Their goal is to encapsulate the movement's ethos, its revolutionary power, and the desire for a society that is more democratic and just. However, in Algerian literature, writers use a variety of metaphors to convey the significance and substance of the Algerian Hirak to create friendship and highlight the movement's revolutionary potential, they make use of cultural symbols, historical allusions, and language quirks that speak to Arab readers. It is significant to note that the precise metaphors employed in Arabic literature might change across different authors' works and interpretations of the Algerian Hirak in the Arab setting.Item Scenarios for the Future of the World in the Light of the Ukrainian Crisis: America and Russia Relations(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-11) BELKHEIR, Smail; BERDJOUH Rafiaa, RafiaaThis study has highlighted the Ukraine crisis as an important catalyst, influencing the behavior of key global actors and thereby promoting the emergence of distinct geopolitical alignments.The dissertation employs qualitative and quantitative approaches to comprehensively examine the implications of the Ukrainian Crisis on American-Russian relations and potential global scenarios. The primary research objective is to uncover the crisis's transformative potential and its role in shaping future scenarios. This study addresses key questions: the first inquiries about the Ukrainian Crisis impact on the American-Russian interactions. The second asks about the potential global trajectories can be deduced from the crisis. The last ponders the extent to which the crisis serve as a catalyst in reshaping global dynamics. The hypotheses postulate that the crisis intensifies rivalry, shifts global power dynamics, and influences major power alignments. Utilizing historical and descriptive analysis, this research discerns a noticeable decline in American-Russian relations and projects diverse global scenarios. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the crisis's transformative role, catalyzing shifts in global power dynamics and influencing alignments of major powers. This dissertation enriches the discourse in international relations and geopolitics, providing valuable insights into the complicated repercussions of the Ukrainian Crisis on the global stage. تستخدم الأطروحة نهجًا نوعيًا لإجراء دراسة شاملة لتأثيرات الأزمة الأوكرانية على العلاقات الأمريكية الروسية والسيناريوهات العالمية المحتملة. الهدف الأساسي من البحث هو الكشف عن الإمكانات التحويلية للأزمة ودورها في تشكيل السيناريوهات المستقبلية. تتناول هذه الدراسة الأسئلة الرئيسية: الاستفسارات الأولى حول تأثير الأزمة الأوكرانية على التفاعلات الأمريكية الروسية. السؤال الثاني عن المسارات العالمية المحتملة يمكن استقراءه من الأزمة. يفكر الأخير في مدى دور الأزمة كعامل محفز في إعادة تشكيل الديناميكيات العالمية. تفترض الفرضيات أن الأزمة تزيد من حدة التنافس، وتحول ديناميكيات القوة العالمية، وتؤثر على اصطفافات القوى الكبرى. باستخدام التحليل التاريخي والوصفي، يميز هذا البحث انخفاضًا ملحوظًا في العلاقات الأمريكية الروسية ويضع سيناريوهات عالمية متنوعة. علاوة على ذلك، تؤكد النتائج على الدور التحويلي للأزمة، وتحفيز التحولات في ديناميكيات القوة العالمية والتأثير على اصطفافات القوى الكبرى. تثري هذه الرسالة الخطاب في العلاقات الدولية والجغرافيا السياسية، وتوفر رؤى قيمة في التداعيات متعددة الأوجه للأزمة الأوكرانية على المسرح العالمي.Item A Study of Metaphor in the Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-11) ABD ELGOUI, Ouahiba; CHAOUCHE, SouheilaThe current study endeavors to delve into the use of metaphors in John Steinbeck's literary work, "The Grapes of Wrath" (1939). Specifically, it seeks to analyze the metaphors employed within the novel and uncover the author's underlying motivations for their inclusion. This research adopts a descriptive analytical approach, utilizing stylistics and formalism as tools for examination. The study is divided into two chapters. The first chapter addresses the theoretical framework, exploring the intricate relationship between metaphor and stylistics. It aims to elucidate how metaphor, as a rhetorical device, enhances and transforms language usage. By delving into the various facets of metaphor through stylistic analysis, this chapter aims to shed light on its impact on speech, communication, and the conveyance of meaning. The second chapter focuses on the analysis of "The Grapes of Wrath," demonstrating the abundant presence of metaphors in the novel and their significance in deciphering the author's intentions.Item The American Strategy of Proxy War: The Case of Russian-Ukrainian War(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-10) NASRAT, IkramThe purpose of this study is to determine if the United States of America is using Russia as a pawn in its proxy conflict with Ukraine. Additionally, it makes an effort to pinpoint the driving forces behind America's decision to use this defensive tactic against its key adversary, Russia. Additionally, one of the main goals of this research project is to look into the US's employment of proxy warfare in this global fight. The final goal and aim of this study is to examine the effects of this global conflict on America, Russia, and the rest of the globe. The researcher uses a qualitative research approach inside an analytical framework in an effort to close the gap between military and political concerns. By using this research design, the researcher hopes to demonstrate that the US is engaging in proxy warfare against Russia. The findings of the study revealed that the US is waging a proxy warfare against Russia in the Russian-Ukrainian War. The study findings demonstrated that Russia is fighting America together with its western allies in this international conflict in Ukraine. Major powers frequently start proxy wars because they feel extremely vulnerable to the activities of other states. As their powers grow, they typically start taking part in more proxy battles. This proxy competition runs the risk of developing a positive feedback loop. This research work findings also showed that the economic factors usually play a more restraining role, especially for those powers whose trade and investment relationships might be harmed by such conflicts. American intervention in Ukraine is not an exception in this regard.Item US Military Intervention in Iraq: Causes and Consequences(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-10) KERMADI, Abdelkader; KEDDOUDA, SmailThe United States military intervention in Iraq has always been a controversial and debatable subject especially as the American - Iraqi relation was too tumultuous and bad prior to the invasion. The current study aims to reveal the actual causes that led America to invade Iraq and highlights the consequences of the American military operation on Iraq and its people. Regarding research methodology, the historical method was adopted by using description, statistics, and analysis to accurately analyze key drivers that were taken by the decision makers in the United States to intervene in Iraq. As for the main results reached, the causes of the military intervention were to plunder Iraqi oil and to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime. The consequences of this invasion were ruining infrastructure, insecurity, the rise of sectarian and racial disputes among the Iraqis, an increase in the rates of crimes, and the escape of businessmen and brain drain.Item A Critical Analysis of Humor in the Speech of Donald Trump(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-07) BOUSBIA LAICHE, Nousaiba; MESBAHI Kahina, KahinaThe current study aims at analyzing selected samples from Donald Trump‟s humorous speeches delivered in various contexts. It mainly focuses on the strategic and pragmatic functions used in his utterances. To achieve this objective, Gaines‟s theory (2007) is adopted for the strategic functions analysis, as Searl‟s (1976) illocutionary acts theory for the pragmatic analysis. The identification of strategic functions shows that Trump used the dispositional, topical, and personal functions in his speech. The analysis of the findings revealed that he overused the topical function to introduce an issue. Besides, the identification of illocutionary acts indicates the presence of representative acts, directive acts, commissive acts, expressive acts, and declarative acts. The interpretation of the results unveiled the dominance of expressive acts, which reflect Trump‟s psychological state while addressing the audience. The research concludes that the study of both rhetorical and pragmatic functions has made it easy to comprehend the messages in former President Donald Trump‟s speech. It is recommended that additional studies should be conducted to examine the impact of humor on political discussion. Furthermore, it is important to take into account the public‟s perspective regarding Trump‟s use of insulting sarcasm.Item Investigating the Efficiency of U.S. Strategies in the War on Terror During George W. Bush's Presidency: Afghanistan as a Case Study(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-07) MERAD, Mohammed Dhia; HOUBA, AbdelghaniThe study tries to assess the success of American foreign policy in the war against terrorism in Afghanistan during the George W. BUSH administration in terms of time and area. It also highlights the issue of how effective American strategy has been in eliminating terrorism in Afghanistan. The first chapter of this dissertation defines terms related to the issue and covers the historical history of both US and Afghan relations before delving into the strategies utilized by the US in its fight against terrorism in that country. The second chapter discusses the operational parameters of the American campaign in Afghanistan, the methods used to carry it out, and the outcomes of this strategy. It also examines and assesses the success of American foreign policies in the fight against terrorism in Afghanistan. The research employs several methodologies: the historical approach to events, the descriptive approach to describe them, and the analytical approach to evaluating the used strategies and the degree to which they accomplish the programmed aims. The study's findings and recommendations are summarized, with the most significant being that the American war in Afghanistan is one of the longest contemporary conflicts with the greatest number of material losses and human deaths.Item Absurdism in Postmodern Theatre: A Case Study Of Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-07) ABID, Chourouk; BOUTAYEB, AsmaPostmodern theatre is characterized by specific themes and techniques. Samuel Beckett as one of the most brilliant playwrights in this era contributes to make the theatre of absurd one of the most significant ways of human existentialist expressions. Therefore, this study makes use of the descriptive analytical type of research. It examines the play Waiting for Godot in the level of its novelty in both thematic concern (meaninglessness, isolation, and doubt) as well as techniques (plotless story, devaluated language, and strange characters). The study focuses on the philosophy of Albert Camus, Frederick Nietzsche, Jean Paul Starter and others and the impact of these philosophies in understanding and interpreting Beckett’s play. Thus, the study reveals that Samuel Beckett succeeded in introducing a very special reflection of absurdity and meaninglessness in the level of language, plot and characters.Item The Nuclearization of Iran: The America's Responses and Reactions(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-07) Darouiche, Ilham; Medjour, Nihalالملخص: بدأ الصراع بين إيران والولايات المتحدة حول برنامج إيران النووي مع معاهدة حظر انتشار الأسلحة النووية الإيرانية. وقد جادلت طهران بأن الأسلحة النووية تتعارض مع دين الإسلام ومع ذلك ، فقد تغيرت وجهة النظر هذه للتركيز على الأغراض السلمية وحاجة طهران للأسلحة النووية. استخدمت الولايات المتحدة نهجين رئيسيين لوقف البرنامج النووي الإيراني: العقوبات الاقتصادية التي تركز على الطاقة والتمويل والمشاركة الدبلوماسية من خلال المفاوضات واتفاقية العمل الشاملة المشتركة في عام 2015. على الرغم من الاختلافات بينهما ، فقد أدى كلا النهجين إلى تأخير طموحات إيران النووية، حيث تلعب العقوبات الاقتصادية دوراً حاسما في دفع إيران نحو التواصل الدبلوماسي مع الولايات المتحدة . Abstract: Iran's relationship with the United States has been under tension in recent years because of Iran's intentions toward nuclearization. Iran signed the Nonproliferation Treaty and claimed that its nuclear activities were for peaceful and scientific purposes. When America realized its real intent, it started to respond and react in order to cease it. This study aims to offer an overview of the timeline of Iran's nuclear program, its motivations, the United States responses and reactions, and compare the effectiveness of diplomatic engagement with economic sanctions. This study suggests that the inquiry may have an impact on political decisions regarding how to deal with Iran's nuclear program. A qualitative methodology combining historical, descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods is used in this work. The study demonstrates that the development of the nuclear program in Iran is influenced by security concerns, domestic political priorities, Iran's interests, West-Middle East relations, Iraq chemical attacks, and Iran's economy. America has used two approaches to ending the program. First, economic sanctions through financial and energy, which have effects on the economy, humanitarians, and politics Second, diplomatic engagement through negotiations and the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Agreement, which has the effect of obstructing Iran's nuclear developments. Consequently, these strategies combined to delay Iran's nuclear program but were unable to stop it.Item The European Energy Crisis and the Future of the UK(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-07) Ben Ali, NadjlaCurrently, the European economy is facing a downturn due to an unprecedented and serious energy crisis caused by the Ukrainian war. This study attempts to investigate the short- and long-term effects of the European energy crisis on the United Kingdom. The study under investigation focuses on the key strategies that should be implemented by the EU to exit from this crisis, and what does the future of the UK look like. To answer the main research question, the Historical-Descriptive methods are adopted. The results showed that the current energy crisis is impacting Europe and the United Kingdom in particular, which exerts pressure on the European pound market. It leads to a rise in energy prices, bills, food, and low income for households. The study concludes that Europe, especially the United Kingdom, has taken many crucial decisions and measures to tackle this crisis, for instance, reducing energy consumption, lowering reliance on Russian oil and gas, and accelerating the clean energy transition.Item Political Leadership Performance and Style of British Premiership: A Comparative analysis of Theresa May (2016-2019) and Boris Johnson (2019-2022)(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-07) KHALDI, Brahim; SALEM, AbdelhakimPolitical leadership has been the subject of much debate. Many conflicts and studies arose for reaching points of solutions or to define the general aspects around it. This study focused on two crucial political figures in Britain and the world, namely Theresa May (2016-2019) and Boris Johnson (2019-2022). It aimed to analyse the key differences and similarities between the two aforementioned figures according to their political leadership performance and premiership style. The course covered several elements, starting from their biography, early days in politics, and linguistic, personal, and social analysis, then comparing their premiership style. The importance of this study was the political leadership as a subject, and also Theresa’s and Boris’s political standing as they contributed in many internal and external events. This research will follow a comparative method a mixed in which both qualitive and quantitive data were provided. It relied on secondary data to identify case leader’s differences and similarities. The data collection tools used for the analysis were observations, document review, assessments and tests. The results obtained proved that Boris was the best in speaking and dealing in public than Theresa May and she was more dedicated and competent in handling duties. Also, the study indicated that the similarities between the two leaders were very insufficient. They would be free of critics that say they were lesser-fair leaders as they took on their objectives with a solid conscious.Item Shift from Regionalism to Localism in the UK: Motives and Results(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023-07) DEBILI, Bouthaina; Djedidi, ouridaقراراتهم الخاصة وإنشاء أعمالهم مثلها مثل العديد من البلدان، شهدت المملكة المتحدة تغيرات تاريخية وأيديولوجية. تهدف هذه الرسالة إلى التحقيق في التغيير الأيديولوجي من الإقليمية إلى المحلية في المملكة المتحدة بدءًا من توضيح الدوافع وراء هذا التحول في جوانب مختلفة على النحو التالي: السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية. علاوة على ذلك، يسعى إلى تحديد نتائج هذا التحول من السلطات الإقليمية إلى السلطات المحلية. بالإضافة إلى التحديات التي واجهتها المناطق خلال فترة التحول. ومن أجل تحقيق هاته الأهداف، فإن طرق البحث المستخدمة هي على التوالي الطريقة الوصفية والتحليلية. من خلال الطريقة الأولى، نحاول تتبع الأسباب الحقيقية التي دفعت حكومة المملكة المتحدة إلى تبني الأيديولوجية المحلية. تليها الطريقة الثانية بهدف تحليل نتائج هذا التغيير وتأثيره على حياة الشعوب البريطانية الأسكتلندية والإيرلندية والويلزية. من أبرز النتائج المتحصل عليها من هذه الدراسة أن المحلية أدت إلى تمكين المجتمعات المحلية من خلال اتخاذ التجارية الخاصة مما يساعد في النمو الكبير لتلك المجتمعات بالإضافة إلى تزويد الأفراد بالحقوق التي تمنحهم سيطرة أكبر على القضايا التي تؤثر على مجتمعاتهم مثل حماية مبانيهم وتخطيط الأحياء. أضافة الى ذلك فان السياسة المحلية المتبعة تركز أيضًا على تقليل انبعاثات الكربون في المنطقة. من ناحية أخرى، كانت هناك بعض النتائج السلبية لتبني المحلية؛ مثل الكفاح الذي لا ينتهي من أجل التغيير المنهجي في مناهج تنمية استخدام الأراضي. وفي نهاية هذه الدراسة، سلطنا الضوء على التحديات التي واجهتها المملكة المتحدة أثناء عملية الانتقال السياسي من الاقليمية الى تبني السياسة المحلية، على سبيل المثال: عدم المساواة في المناطق. Résumé : Like many countries, the United Kingdom has witnessed historical and ideological changes. This dissertation aims to investigate the ideological change from regionalism to localism in the United Kingdom, starting with illustrating the motives behind this shift in different aspects as follows: political, social, economic, and environmental. Moreover, it seeks to determine the consequences of the power transition from regional authorities to local authorities, In addition to the challenges that faced the regions during the shift period. The research methods that are used are, respectively, the descriptive and analytical. Through the first method, we attempt to trace the real reasons that led the United Kingdom government to adopt the localism ideology. The second method is used to analyze the outcomes of this change and its effect on British, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh people's lives. The results obtained in this research demonstrate that Localism led to empowering local communities through making their own decisions and establishing their own business that helped in the great growth of those communities, in addition to providing individuals with rights that gave them greater control over issues affecting their society, such as protecting their buildings and designing neighborhood planning. Besides the results, Localism also focuses on reducing carbon emissions in the region. On the other hand, there were some negative results of adopting localism, such as the never-ending fight for systemic change in approaches to land-use development. At the end of the study, we highlighted the challenges the United Kingdom faced during the transition process, one of which was the region's inequalities. International examples of localism movements, therefore, should be studied to obtain successful examples of how this strategy is properly applied.Item Suicide as a Form of Resistance in Achebe's Things Fall Apart (1958): A Psychoanalytical Study(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023) LAKLOUKA, Leila; MAGROUD, Roumaissaتهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى التحقيق في فعل الانتحار كشكل من أشكال المقاومة في رواية الكاتب تشينوا أتشيبي " الأشياء تتداعى" ((1958 من منظور التحليل النفسي. تقدم هذه الاطروحة لمحة عامة عن مفهوم المقاومة وأشكالها في التحليل النفسي. كما تقدم الدراسة تحليلًا تاريخيًا وصفيًا تحليليًا لمختلف أشكال المقاومة في الرواية. على وجه الخصوص، يستكشف عوامل التحليل النفسي الكامنة وراء انتحار أوكونكو وكيف قاوم مجتمعه الاستعمار. وفقًا لذلك، تستخدم هذه الدراسة نهج التحليل النفسي لتفسير اوكونكو وعمله الانتحاري. وبالتالي، تكشف هذه الدراسة عن الدلائل التالية: أولاً، أوكونكو، بطل الرواية، يعكس طبيعته المتعصبة التي لن تسمح له أبدًا بالاستسلام لأسلوب الحياة الاستعماري. ثانيًا، تدل مقاومة أوكونكو الانتحارية على إحباطه من كونه نسخة من والده أونوكا. ثالثًا، أثبتت الدراسة أن الانتحار هو نتيجة القمع الذي دفع أوكونكو دون وعي إلى الانتحار كوسيلة دفاع. تمت تغطية هذا بوضوح في عمل أتشيبي من خلال تصوير وصف مفصل لشخصية أوكونكو قبل وأثناء الهيمنة الاستعمارية. The present study aims to investigate the action of suicide as a form of resistance in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart (1958) from a psychoanalytic perspective. This dissertation presents an overview of the concept of resistance and its forms in psychoanalysis. The study also provides a historical and descriptive analytical analysis of the different forms of resistance in the novel. In particular, it explores the psychoanalytical factors behind, the protagonist, Okonkwo' suicide and how his society has resisted colonialism. Accordingly, this research uses a psychoanalytical approach to interpret Okonkwo and his action of suicide. Consequently, the study addresses the following points first, Okonkwo, the protagonist of the novel, reflects his scholasticism nature that does not permit him to surrender to the colonial lifestyle. Secondly, Okonkwo's suicidal resistance signifies his frustration of being the version of his father's Unoka. Thirdly, the study proves that suicide is the result of the repressions that leads Okonkwo unconsciously to commit suicide as a defence. This is clearly covered in Achebe's work through depicting a detailed description of Okonkwo's character before and during the colonial dominationItem Conversion to Islam among Women in the USA: Reasons and Effects(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023) Ait Errahmane, AHFAIDHتعدّ الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بلدا متنوعا يضم أعراقا وثقافات وديانات متباينة على غرار المسيحية والإسلام، حيث يعتبر هذا الأخير ثاني أكبر مجموعة دينية في العالم وثالث أكثر الأديان انتشارا في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وبالرغم من الهجوم الإعلامي الذي تعرض له الإسلام والمسلمين في الولايات المتحدة بعد هجمات 11 سبتمبر إلا انه انتشر على نطاق واسع بين النساء الأمريكيات اللاتي اخترن التخلي عن دياناتهم السابقة واعتناق الإسلام. لذا، تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد الأسباب الرئيسية لاعتناق النساء الأمريكيات للإسلام ومختلف والآثار الناجمة عن ذلك، بالإضافة إلى التحديات التي تواجهها النساء المسلمات بعد اعتناق الإسلام. وتتبنى هذه الدراسة المنهجين الكيفي والكمي من أجل تكوين معرفة نظرية حول أهم أسباب ونتائج اعتناق النساء الأمريكيات للإسلام. كما تدعم البحث باستبيان كيفي من أجل اختبار صحة الفرضيات. وأثبت تحليل النتائج ومناقشتها بأن الدوافع الرئيسية لاعتناق النساء الأمريكيات للإسلام هي عدم رضاهم عن دياناتهم السابقة، بالإضافة إلى قدرة الإسلام على الإجابة عن جميع أسئلتهم المتعلقة بالهدف الحقيقي من الخلق والاحتكاك المباشر مع المسلمين. كما اثبت البحث أن اعتناق الإسلام يؤثر بطريقة مباشرة على علاقة النساء بعائلاتهم وأصدقائهم ومجتمعهم، زيادة على التحديات الاجتماعية والشخصية The United States is a diverse country that combines variable ethnicities, races, cultures, and religions such as Christianity and Islam, the latter of which is the world's second-largest religious group and the third-dominant religion in the United States. Despite the media portrayal of Islam and the hostility against Muslims following the 9/11 attacks, it managed to spread rapidly among American women, who chose it as their new religion instead of any other widely spread religion in the USA. This study aims to determine the main reasons leading American women to change their faith and convert to Islam, as well as the effects of conversion, in addition to the challenges Muslim women face after conversion. This research adopts both qualitative and quantitative methods to build theoretical knowledge about the main reasons and effects of conversion to Islam among American women. The theory was further supported by a qualitative questionnaire that aimed to test the studied topic’s hypotheses. The interpretation and discussion of the results confirmed that the main factors causing American women’s conversion to Islam are their dissatisfaction with their previous religion, discovering the purpose of life in Islam, and direct contact with other Muslims. The process of conversion also results in several effects on women's conversion to Islam and their relationships with their families and society, in addition to some social and personal challenges.Item The Significance of African American Spirituals in The Civil Rights Movement(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023) MESGHOUNI, Kaoutar; HAMDI, Nour Elhoudarights movement through shedding light on its active role in promoting and preserving the original cultural identity of enslaved Africans. In this respect, both aspects of spirituals and the movement were inspected via revaluating the existing body of literature, in the theoretical chapter. That proceeds with practical chapter; wherein, the underlying correlations between the nature of spirituals and the movement have been investigated using analytical techniques along with Du Bois' theory of double consciousness. Those results yield to the significance role of African American spirituals as creative means of expressing their struggles and addressing their issues through encoded signals within the movement. Consequently, these spiritual practices have a profound impact on African Americans who have endured years of suppression and persecution of their black identity. This study aims at highlighting the significance of African American spirituals in the civil rights movement through shedding light on its active role in promoting and preserving the original cultural identity of enslaved Africans. In this respect, both aspects of spirituals and the movement were inspected via revaluating the existing body of literature, in the theoretical chapter. That proceeds with practical chapter; wherein, the underlying correlations between the nature of spirituals and the movement have been investigated using analytical techniques along with Du Bois' theory of double consciousness. Those results yield to the significance role of African American spirituals as creative means of expressing their struggles and addressing their issues through encoded signals within the movement. Consequently, these spiritual practices have a profound impact on African Americans who have endured years of suppression and persecution of their black identity. This study aims at highlighting the significance of African American spirituals in the civil rights movement through shedding light on its active role in promoting and preserving the original cultural identity of enslaved Africans. In this respect, both aspects of spirituals and the movement were inspected via revaluating the existing body of literature, in the theoretical chapter. That proceeds with practical chapter; wherein, the underlying correlations between the nature of spirituals and the movement have been investigated using analytical techniques along with Du Bois' theory of double consciousness. Those results yield to the significance role of African American spirituals as creative means of expressing their struggles and addressing their issues through encoded signals within the movement. Consequently, these spiritual practices have a profound impact on African Americans who have endured years of suppression and persecution of their black identity. This study aims at highlighting the significance of African American spirituals in the civil rights movement through shedding light on its active role in promoting and preserving the original cultural identity of enslaved Africans. In this respect, both aspects of spirituals and the movement were inspected via revaluating the existing body of literature, in the theoretical chapter. That proceeds with practical chapter; wherein, the underlying correlations between the nature of spirituals and the movement have been investigated using analytical techniques along with Du Bois' theory of double consciousness. Those results yield to the significance role of African American spirituals as creative means of expressing their struggles and addressing their issues through encoded signals within the movement. Consequently, these spiritual practices have a profound impact on African Americans who have endured years of suppression and persecution of their black identity.Item Postcolonial Analysis of Edward Said’s Autobiography " Out of Place(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023) Gadi, Abderrezzak; Khaldi, Khalifaيهدف البحث الحالي إلى التحقق من جوانب ما بعد الاستعمار في مذكرات إدوارد سعيد "خارج المكان" ، والتي كُتبت بعد تشخيص إصابته بسرطان الدم في عام 1992. سعيد هو الشخصية الرائدة في دراسات ما بعد الاستعمار والجوانب الثقافية. بالإضافة إلى أعماله الرائدة مثل: الاستشراق ، والثقافة والإمبريالية ، والبدايات. يُتوج سعيد كتاباته بمذكرات غير خيالية "خارج المكان" التي يصور فيها بشكل خاص حياته الماضية والحاضرة سواء أكانت عائلية أم تعليمية أم اجتماعية. يوضح سعيد على وجه التحديد ما اختبره عمليًا في مواقف مختلفة من النزوح والتناقض الثقافي وتناقض الهوية. تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى توضيح واستكشاف مذكرات إدوارد سعيد المرتبطة بتحليل وقراءة ما بعد الاستعمار ، على أنها تهجير ، وعزل ، ونفي. لذلك ، تم توضيح هذه المظاهر بشكل ملحوظ. والسبب في تنفيذه هو تسليط الضوء على السمات المميزة الأساسية لنظرية ما بعد الاستعمار ، باستخدام تحليل نظرية ما بعد الاستعمار. The present research aims at investigating the aspects of postcolonialism in Edward Said’s memoir, Out of Place, which was written after his diagnosis with leukemia in 1992. Said is the leading figure of postcolonial studies and cultural aspects. In addition to his groundbreaking work such as: Orientalism, Culture and Imperialism, and Beginnings. Said culminates his writings with the non-fictional memoir Out of Place which he particularly depicts his past and present life whether familial, educational, or social. Said demonstrates specifically what he practically experienced in different situations from displacement, cultural discrepancy, and identity contradiction. This study seeks to elucidate and explore Edward Said’s memoir correlated with postcolonial analysis and reading, as being displaced, alienated, and exiled. Therefore, those manifestations have been markedly articulated. The reason for carrying it out is to bring to light the primal hallmarks of postcolonial theory, using postcolonial theory analysis.Item Mainstream Media Framing of Political Conflicts: A Comparative Study of the Ukrainian and Syrian Refugee Crises(جامعة الوادي - University of Eloued, 2023) BOUROGA, Ilyes; MEHELLOU, Hadj Aliفحصت الدراسة الحالية تمثيلات و تَأْطيرٌ وسائل الإعلام لاثنين من أحدث الأزمات الإنسانية، اللاجئين السوريين والأوكرانيين، وما إذا كانت صور هذه المجموعات اختلفت عبر وسائل الإعلام الغربية الرئيسية. تم استخدام نهج الأساليب المختلطة للتحقيق في كيفية تأطير وسائل الإعلام لهاتين المجموعتين بشكل مختلف أو متساو. تم جمع ما مجموعة 160 مقالة إخبارية من أربعة منافذ إخبارية: بي بي سي نيوز، والجارديان، وسي إن إن، وفوكس نيوز. تم إجراء تحليل للمقالات المختارة كما ونوعا بناء على مخطط ترميز يتألف من ستة إطارات: الخدمات، والاقتصاد، والعرق، والقانون، والأمن، واللغويات. كشفت النتائج أن بي بي سي نيوز وسي إن إن وفوكس نيوز تميل إلى تغطية اللاجئين السوريين بشكل سلبي أكثر من اللاجئين الأوكرانيين. ومع ذلك، فهم إيجابيون بشكل عام بشأن اللاجئين السوريين. علاوة على ذلك، تميل صحيفة الغارديان إلى أن تكون أكثر توازنا، مع نبرة إيجابية أكثر قليلا تجاه الأوكرانيين منها تجاه السوريين. وبالتالي، كان التحيز واضحا في الإبلاغ عن مجموعات اللاجئين وكذلك ازدواجية المعايير عند تأطيرها. نظرا لخطورة هذه القضية والصراع المستمر، من الضروري إجراء مزيد من البحث من أجل اكتساب فهم أعمق لكيفية تطور صياغة هذه القضية. The present study examined media representations of two of the most recent humanitarian crises, Syrian and Ukrainian refugees, and whether portrayals of these groups differed across Western mainstream media. A mixed-methods approach was used to investigate how the media framed these two groups differently or equally. A total of 160 news articles were collected from four news outlets: BBC News, The Guardian, CNN, and Fox News. An analysis of the selected articles was quantitatively and qualitatively conducted based on a coding scheme comprising six frames: services, economics, ethnicity, law, security, and linguistics. The findings revealed that BBC News, CNN, and Fox News tend to cover Syrian refugees more negatively than Ukrainian refugees. However, they are generally positive about Ukrainian refugees. Moreover, The Guardian tends to be more balanced, with a slightly more positive tone toward the Ukrainians than towards the Syrians. Thus, bias has been evident in reporting on refugee groups as well as double standards when framing them. Given the severity of this issue and the ongoing conflict, further research is necessary in order to gain a deeper understanding of how the framing of this issue has evolved.